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How gut bacteria can boost cancer immunotherapy efficacy?

How gut bacteria can boost cancer immunotherapy efficacy?

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Researchers looked into how gut bacteria affected mice’s response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. They discovered that ICIs enable specific gut bacteria to get through tumor locations. It then stimulates the immune system, which then destroys cancer cells.

To confirm whether these results may apply to humans, more research is required.

Immunotherapy includes the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). They function by “taking the brakes off” of the immune system so it can eliminate cancer cells by blocking certain proteins that restrict immune function, such as CTLA-4 or PD-1.

Unfortunately, ICI therapies are ineffective in up to 50% of cancer patients. The effectiveness of ICI treatment may be influenced by the gut flora, according to a growing body of research.

According to research, animals with impaired gut flora or those given antibiotic treatment react to ICI less favourably. Studies have also shown that faecal transplants of new microbiota may improve ICI responsiveness.

The best gut bacteria for boosting ICI response and the mechanism by which gut bacteria enhance immune response are still unknown.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors(ICI) and gut bacteria

Recent studies examined the relationship between gut bacterial diversity and ICI effectiveness in a mouse model of melanoma.

They discovered that ICI treatment results in gastrointestinal inflammation. This allows bacteria to get through the intestines. Thereby moves to lymph nodes close to tumors where they activate immune cells.

The research is published in Science Immunology. Even though checkpoint inhibitor treatment has demonstrated unheard-of clinical success, a sizable portion of responders will later develop acquired resistance. As previously mentioned, the gut microbiota has a significant impact on host anti-tumor immunity in several ways. This affects the clinical reactions and outcomes of cancer immunotherapy patients.

Dr. Anton Bilchik, chief of medicine and director of the Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Program at Saint John’s Cancer Institute in Santa Monica, California, as well as a surgical oncologist and division chair of general surgery at Providence Saint John’s Health Center, did not take part in the study.

Investigating ICI efficacy

Mice with and without melanoma tumours received ICI therapy as part of the study.

They discovered that ICI treatment exacerbated gastrointestinal inflammation, allowing certain bacteria to pass from the gut to lymph nodes close to the tumour as well as the tumour site. In that location, the bacteria triggered a group of immune cells that destroyed tumour cells.

The effectiveness of ICI may be impacted by antibiotic exposure, according to the study. To do this, mice were first given antibiotic treatment. Further followed by melanoma tumor implantation and ICI treatment a week later.

They discovered that exposure to antibiotics lowered the number of immune cells and the migration of the gut microbiota to the lymph nodes.

Finally, they looked at whether giving out certain bacteria may counteract the effect of the antibiotics on the effectiveness of the ICI. They discovered that using Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in treatments increased ICI effectiveness.

Fecal microbiome transplantation

FMT is the most direct way to change the microbiota. Feces from one donor is given to another by lyophilized or frozen pills that are taken orally. Also, they can be delivered directly via colonoscopy or gastroscopy.

With almost 300 registered clinical trials as of now, FMTs are being investigated as a treatment alternative for an increasing range of illnesses (clinicaltrials.gov, accessed Aug 2021). Over the past ten years, it has been clear that FMTs are extraordinarily effective at treating resistant and recurring Clostridium difficile infections. This helps patients feel better and get rid of their clinical symptoms.

Dietary intervention and lifestyle

The relationship between diet and the microbiota has been studied for numerous years at various resolution levels because gut microbes have a role in food digestion. In fact, distinct microbial communities are closely involved in the sequential host digestion and nutrient extraction, with the gut microbiota playing the major role.

On the one hand, the host’s inability to digest a large number of chemicals released by the gut microbiota affects the food’s ability to provide nutrients. Contrarily, both short- and long-term dietary modifications can affect the microbial transcriptome and metabolomic profiles, especially for newborn nutrition. This may have long-term effects through microbial modulation of the immune system. For instance, high-fat diets are linked to significant changes in the makeup of the colonic microbiota. This includes decreases in both Gram-positive.

Study restrictions

Dr. Andrew Koh, senior author of the present work and associate professor at the Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center at UT Southwestern, was contacted by MNT to discuss its limitations.

They only employed one preclinical cancer model, which, according to Dr. Koh, is a significant restriction, necessitating additional research to see whether the results also apply to other cancers.

Although we have not yet produced evidence to support that notion, we think that our findings may also be applicable to other tumours, he said.

According to published research, various human cancers include specific or unique tumour microbiomes, and many of the prominent taxa are bacteria that normally live in the gut. Dr. Bilchik stated that it is still unclear whether the results apply to people when asked about the study’s other limitations.

Interventional gastroenterologist Dr. Lance Uradomo, who is not affiliated with the study and practice in Irvine, California at the City of Hope Orange County Lennar Foundation Cancer Center, stated that “the type of therapy applied for testing melanoma can be linked to adverse side effects, such as colitis.”

Before it is known if microbiome therapy — and the proper administration — is genuinely successful, more research is required, he continued.

Conclusion

The gut microbiome appears to have a significant impact on host immunity and therapeutic response in cancer, either locally within the tumour microenvironment or via systemic antiviral immune responses, according to strong evidence from preclinical and clinical research. The latter is most likely the reason why the gut microbiota is able to control how the body reacts to immunotherapy and traditional chemotherapeutic drugs, eventually having a variety of effects on patient outcomes.

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Viagra, Cialis, and Priligy, which is best for ED?

Viagra, Cialis, and Priligy, which is best for ED?

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What is Erectile dysfunction?

Erectile dysfunction is basically a disorder found in men which could be a sign of physical or psychological condition. The symptoms associated with this disorder is found in men’s reproductive organ i.e. inability to keep an erection firmer and longer enough during a sexual activity.

Need

Having trouble for erection once in a while is generally not an issue. However, if it’s an ongoing trouble, you may find problem in self-confidence, relationships, as well as in your self esteem. People dealing with erectile dysfunction must initially evaluated with any underlying psychological or physical treatments. If these treatments doesn’t help, the individual may now get subjected to appropriate medications.

There are some effective medicines that have proven to be effective and deliver longer erection when administered as prescribed. Such medicines are temporary cure for erectile dysfunction.

What is Viagra?

Timing is everything if you want the most out of your sexual life. It’s especially true when you take Viagra for erectile dysfunction (ED). ED medications such as Viagra (generic name sildenafil; see Important Safety Information), have a specific time window during which they work. It might be time to evaluate if you need to take the little blue pill every day if you need to take it every day. 

Viagra is a kind of medicine that is generally taken an hour before an individual need erection. A healthcare provider may recommend taking Viagra daily, but you should not take it more than once every 24 hours. If taken too frequently, it can cause dangerous drops in blood pressure. There are many different drugs available to treat ED, so if Viagra isn’t working for you, speak with your healthcare provider about your options.

What is Cialis?

Tadalafil is a medical drug available to us under the generic name Cialis which belongs to a class of medication called phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors.

This medicine is used to treat sexual related disorders observed in men such as erection dysfunction or impotence. This medicine increases the blood flow in the penis so that erection is achieved and maintained. Cialis is available as a lower-strength tablet that can be taken on a daily basis, eliminating the need to ‘plan’ for sex.

What is Priligy?

Priligy is a medical drug available to us under the brand name Dapoxetine which belongs to a class of medication called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. This medicine is used to treat sexual related disorders in men such as premature ejaculation. It inhibits the transporter of serotonin and increasing its action which results in delayed ejaculation.

In addition to containing the active ingredient Dapoxetine, PRILIGY is also known as a urological medicine because it is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). PRILIGY can improve your control over ejaculation, decrease your distress over how fast you ejaculate, and increase your time to ejaculation. It has various functions in the body and is involved in sending the nerve messages that result in ejaculation.

How to use?

The dosage and length of the treatment is based on your medical condition, response to the treatment and other medicine that you may be taking. Swallow the tablet whole rather than chewing or crushing it in your mouth as it may release all the drug in your mouth which increases the risk of side effects. Discuss all the other medicines that you might be taking along with these meds for the same or different reasons. Follow the medical prescription carefully and inform your doctor in case of any exception or confusion.

For all three medicines, the effectiveness may vary depending upon age, weight, and response of your condition to the medicine. These medicines are generally taken 30 minutes to 4 hours before sexual activity.

Side effects

Apart from common side effects observed during medication of all the three drugs, all other serious side effects that unusually occurs are often similar. Some of those similar unusual side effects include rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), trouble breathing, severe dizziness, decrease or loss of hearing, sometimes with ringing in the ears, sudden decreased vision, including permanent blindness, in one or both eyes, prolonged erection, fainting, chest/jaw/left arm pain, etc.

Side effects of Viagra.

Common side effects observed while medicating with Viagra are flushing, dizziness, upset stomach, headache, blurred vision sensitivity to light or trouble between blue and green color, etc. Inform the doctor if any of these conditions persist or get worse.

Side effects of Cialis

Common side effects observed while medicating with Priligy are fainting, dizziness, nausea or flushing may occur. Inform the doctor if any of these conditions persist or get worse.

Side effects of Priligy

Common side effects observed while medicating with Priligy are dizziness, nausea, fainting, or flushing may occur. Inform the doctor if any of these conditions persist or get worse.

Benefits:

Viagra

Cialis

  • A simple, once-per-day dosage.
  • Easier spontaneous sex.
  • Increased sexual confidence.
  • A reduced risk of side effects

Priligy

  • improves ejaculation time period
  • reduces your distress over how fast you ejaculate
  • has 80% effective rate.

Lasting time:

Viagra

Typically, Viagra’s effects last between two and three hours. Depending on your dosage, your body’s metabolism, and other factors, Viagra can last up to 5 hours or longer.  

Cialis

The duration of Cialis can range from 24 to 36 hours. It can sometimes last up to 72 hours. As a result, Cialis has high patient satisfaction ratings in surveys, compared to other PDE5 inhibitors.

Priligy

 The effects of Priligy usually last between 1-3 hours after taking it, however it can sometimes last for up to 12 hours. The duration of their erection should double or triple before ejaculation in these men.

Conclusion

Overall, the parameter for each medicine has some pros and cons over one other. Therefore, there is no single winner in this matter. An individual must use medicine which is more suitable and carries lesser side effects and interactions, depending upon medical conditions an individual is dealing with and the medicines administration along with these ED supplement.

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What happens to your body during Paleo diet?

What happens to your body during Paleo diet?

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What is Paleo diet?

There are a number of dietary plans that claim to replicate the foods that people may have eaten during the Paleolithic era. This lasted approximately 2.5 million to 10,000 years ago. The Paleo Diet is based on the theory that eating like a caveman could lead to weight loss.

In spite of the fact that it’s impossible to know what human ancestors ate in different parts of the world, researchers believe that they ate whole foods. As a result of following a whole food-based diet and being physically active, hunter-gatherers are thought to have had lower rates of lifestyle diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.

According to several studies, this diet can significantly reduce weight (without counting calories) and improve health.

How it works?

Low-glycemic fruits and vegetables are emphasized by the diet’s proponents. Paleo diet enthusiasts disagree on what foods were available at the time, how diets varied according to region (e.g., tropical vs. Arctic), how modern fruits and vegetables are not as wild as their prehistoric counterparts, and what foods are included/excluded from the diet. Paleo diets differ widely due to these differences.  

Paleo diet foods.

Foods to include:

Recommendations vary among commercial paleo diets, and some diet plans have stricter guidelines than others. In general, paleo diets follow these guidelines. The Paleo diet, also referred to as the caveman or Stone-Age diet, includes the following as their foods.

  • Grass-fed meat:choosing grass-fed is healthier for you, the environment and closer to what our ancestors ate.
  • Fish and seafood: choose wild-caught
  • Fresh fruits and veggies
  • Eggs
  • Nuts and seeds
  • Healthy oils: olive, walnut, flaxseed, macadamia, avocado, coconut
  • Meats and sea foods: Chicken, Salmon, Tuna, Bacon, Turkey, Cod, Beef, etc.

Foods to avoid:

This diet prohibits the consumption of processed foods. Since our prehistoric ancestors hunted-gatherers, not farmers, we can say goodbye to wheat and dairy, along with other grains and legumes (such as peanuts and beans).

There are several other food and products to avoid such as:

  • All dairy products, including milk, cheese, yogurt, and butter
  • Cereal grains, such as wheat, rye, rice, and barley
  • Legumes, like beans, peanuts, and peas
  • Starchy vegetables, such as potatoes and sweet potatoes
  • Sweets, including all forms of candy as well as honey and sugar
  • Artificial sweeteners
  • Sugary soft drinks and fruit juices
  • Processed and cured meats, such as bacon, deli meats, and hot dogs
  • Highly processed foods

Medical results:

The paleo diet has been compared to other eating plans, such as the Mediterranean Diet and the Diabetes Diet, in a number of randomized clinical trials. It appears that a paleo diet may provide some benefits when compared with diets containing fruits, vegetables, lean meats, whole grains, legumes, and low-fat dairy products. The benefits may include:

  • Promotes healthy blood glucose.
  • Improved insulin sensitivity.
  • Lower blood pressure.
  • Weight management including reduced waist circumference.
  • Improved cholesterol balance.
  • Improved satiety.
  • Lower all-cause mortality.
  • Lower triglycerides
  • Better appetite management

Conclusion:

  • It is possible to lose weight or maintain your weight by following a paleo diet. There may also be other health benefits associated with it. As of yet, no long-term clinical studies have been conducted on the diet’s benefits and potential risks.
  • If you get enough exercise and eat a balanced, healthy diet containing plenty of fruits and vegetables, you may achieve the same health benefits.

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Does Viagra affects fertility of Unmarried man??

Does Viagra affects fertility of Unmarried man??

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Viagra:

Viagra pill is a kind of medicine that is generally taken an hour before an individual need erection. A healthcare provider may recommend taking Viagra daily, but you should not take it more than once every 24 hours. If taken too frequently, it can cause dangerous drops in blood pressure. There are many different drugs available to treat ED, so if Viagra isn’t working for you, speak with your healthcare provider about your options.

Side effects of Viagra

Generally, side effects of viagra are observed when higher doses of this medicine or more frequent consumption of this drug is administered. Also, several medical condition might cause worsening or rise of new unwanted medical conditions when this drug is consumed.

Common side effects observed while medicating with Viagra are flushing, dizziness, upset stomach, headache, blurred vision sensitivity to light or trouble between blue and green color may occur. Inform your doctor if these conditions persist or get worse. There are some serious side effects which must be informed to the doctor right away if observed such as severe dizziness, fainting, chest/jaw/left arm pain, nausea, etc. There are also some severe allergic reactions involved with these medications which require immediate medical attention if observed such as rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), trouble breathing,decrease or loss of hearing, sometimes with ringing in the ears, sudden decreased vision, including permanent blindness in one or both eyes, prolonged erection, etc.

Natural viagra with immediate effect!

 The way it works is basically the same as Viagra. Watermelon juice is taken on an empty stomach after it has been simmered for a while, cooled, and lemon added once the mixture has been reduced by half.

The Research:

Researchers say that using Viagra pills might damage men’s fertility. Several studies suggest that the anti-impotence drug can harm sperm and may prevent some men from fathering children.

Specifically, recreational drug users could have a hard time starting families. IVF clinics that prescribe Viagra to help men produce sperm might be preventing some couples from conceiving.

They then compared the behavior of the treated sperm with the behavior of standard samples and found that the drug had two main effects. The substance made sperm more active, but also damaged its acrosome, an organ that contains enzymes that break down the membrane surrounding an egg, allowing it to be fertilized by sperm.

A similar study conducted by his team on mice found that sperm from mice given Viagra produced 40 per cent fewer embryos than mice given control pills. In spite of this, there was no indication that babies produced by male mice taking Viagra were harmed in any way.

Clinical trial:

We examined sildenafil’s effect in young men without erectile dysfunction in this randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical study. During this one-dose home-use study, 60 young healthy men without ED were enrolled. Participants had not taken any medication in the previous 6 months. A stable relationship had been maintained for at least three months.

The study randomized the patients to receive either one 25 mg tablet of sildenafil (group 1) or an identical placebo tablet (group 2) after completing the IIEF-5 questionnaire. Participants completed an erectile quality questionnaire. Neither group reported a significant difference in improvement of erection quality, 12/30 sildenafil vs 10/30 placebo (Fisher’s test, P=0.79). A significant reduction in postejaculatory refractory time was observed with sildenafil (12/30 vs 4/30) (chi(2) test, P=0.04). Among young healthy men, sildenafil does not improve erections.  

Conclusion:

Taking Sildenafil recreationally should not be recommended for young, healthy men and it should not be given to them to improve their erections. A single-dose home study suggests that sildenafil reduces postorgasmic refractory time. It is possible that sildenafil may be useful for premature ejaculation despite the lack of controlled studies on this topic.

In young, healthy men, taking Sildenafil recreationally or for improving erections should not be recommended. According to a single-dose home study, sildenafil reduces postorgasmic refractory time. Despite the lack of controlled studies, sildenafil may be useful for premature ejaculation.

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