What are the different types of headaches?

What are the different types of headaches?

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Over 150 distinct kinds of headaches exist. Cluster, sinus, hypnic, migraine, and tension-type headaches are a few of the varieties. Even though headaches can occasionally be excruciating and incapacitating, most of them can be managed with basic painkillers. On the other hand, recurring episodes or particular kinds of headaches might point to a medical issue. Primary and secondary headaches are frequently separated into two major categories. There is no other cause for a primary headache. A secondary headache, on the other hand, has a different underlying cause, like a head injury or abrupt caffeine withdrawal. Eleven of the most prevalent headache types are examined in this article, along with information on their causes, prevention, treatments, and when to consult a physician.

Headaches are a prevalent problem. According to estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO), about 40% of people worldwide suffer from headache disorders. Across all age groups, headaches rank among the top three most prevalent neurological disorders. Intense throbbing pain on one side of the head is a common symptom of a migraine. A person may become more sensitive to smell, sound, and light. Vomiting and nausea are also frequent. About 25% of migraineurs report having an aura either prior to or during their headache.

Aura symptoms can also be signs of stroke or meningitis. These visual and sensory abnormalities usually last 5 to 60 minutes and include: seeing zigzag lines, flickering lights, or spots; partial loss of vision; numbness; tingling; muscle weakness; difficulty speaking or finding words; and more. If someone is experiencing these for the first time, they should get medical help immediately. Each episode of a migraine headache can last anywhere from a few hours to several days, and they are frequently recurrent. It is a chronic condition for many people.

The precise causes of migraines are not entirely understood by medical professionals. Nonetheless, it frequently runs in families and is more prevalent in those who already have certain medical conditions, like epilepsy and depression. Stress, anxiety, disturbed sleep, hormonal changes, missing meals, dehydration, certain foods and medications, bright lights, and loud noises are all possible migraine triggers.

The severity of the symptoms, their frequency, and whether or not the patient experiences nausea and vomiting are some variables that will affect the course of treatment. Treatment options include: antiemetics, like metoclopramide, to control nausea and vomiting; neurostimulation techniques, like transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS); non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), like ibuprofen, naproxen, aspirin, and acetaminophen triptans, like sumatriptan, which need a prescription.

Resting in a quiet, dark area, applying a cold cloth or ice pack to the forehead, and drinking water are other ways to reduce migraine attacks. People who suffer from chronic migraines should consult a healthcare provider about preventive care. If a person experiences an episode for more than 15 days in a month or if symptoms appear at least 8 days a month for three months, they may be diagnosed with chronic migraine. Topiramate (Topamax) and propranolol amitriptyline are medication options for migraine prevention. Acupuncture, stress reduction, and dietary modifications are additional management options to take into account.

Most people experience tension-type headaches occasionally. These primary headaches are the most prevalent kind. According to research, approximately 78% of adults will at some point suffer from a tension-type headache. They start off as a dull, persistent headache on both sides. Additional symptoms may include: headaches lasting 30 minutes to several days; sensitivity to light and sound; a feeling of pressure behind the eyes; and tenderness of the face, head, neck, and shoulders. It’s unclear what specifically causes tension headaches. Nonetheless, common triggers include stress, anxiety, and depression. Dehydration, loud noises, lack of exercise, poor sleep, missing meals, and eye strain are additional possible triggers.

Ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and aspirin are examples of over-the-counter (OTC) painkillers that are typically very effective at halting or reducing pain. People should see a doctor if they have headaches more than 15 days a month, as this could be a sign of chronic headaches. Tension headaches may be avoided with certain treatments and lifestyle modifications. Acupuncture, stress, anxiety, and depression management, regular exercise, stretching, and better sitting and standing posture are a few examples.

Severe and frequent headaches are known as cluster headaches. Males are six times more likely than females to be affected, and they are comparatively rare, affecting 1 in 1000 adults. Cluster headache sufferers report a sharp, piercing pain behind or around one eye. Cluster headaches typically occur suddenly and without warning and last anywhere from 15 minutes to 3 hours. Other symptoms may include watering eyes, swollen eyelids, a runny nose, or sensitivity to light and sound. Up to eight attacks may occur in a single day.

These attacks can last for weeks or months and typically happen in clusters every day. Additionally, they frequently begin at regular times, usually a few hours after going to sleep at night. These symptoms, which occasionally mimic hay fever, should be discussed with a healthcare provider by anyone exhibiting them. Cluster headaches are more common in smokers, though their exact cause is unknown. Alcohol should also be avoided when having an attack.

The goal of treatment is to lessen the attacks’ frequency and intensity. Deep brain stimulation and vagus nerve stimulation also show promise in treating cluster headaches that do not respond to medication. Other options include oxygen therapy, sumatriptan, verapamil steroids, melatonin, and lithium.

The following activities can cause exertional headaches: running, jumping, weightlifting, sexual activity, and coughing or sneezing. These headaches are typically very short-lived, but they can occasionally last up to two days. They are more prevalent in people with a family history of migraine and manifest as throbbing pain throughout the head. When exertional headaches occur for the first time, people should consult a healthcare provider because they may indicate a more serious condition.

OTC pain relievers and beta-blockers, like propranolol and indomethacin, are among the treatments for exertional headaches. Cardiovascular problems can occasionally cause exertional headaches. If so, a medical expert might suggest tests to assess a patient’s cardiovascular and brain health.

A rare condition known as a hypnic headache typically first appears in people in their 50s. It may, however, begin earlier. They are also known as “alarm clock” headaches, and they cause people to wake up in the middle of the night. Mild to moderate throbbing pain, typically on both sides of the head, is the hallmark of a hypnic headache. Along with other symptoms like light and sound sensitivity and nausea, it can last for up to three hours. A person may have multiple attacks in a given week. There are no recognized triggers for hypnic headaches, and their exact cause is unknown. Even though hypnic headaches are usually benign, older adults should consult a doctor if they have any unusual headaches for the first time. A medical practitioner might want to rule out cluster headaches and migraines. Hypnic headaches can be treated with caffeine indomethacin lithium.

Medication-overuse headache A common form of secondary headache is medication-overuse headache (MOH), also referred to as a rebound headache. About 1-2 percent of the general population has them. MOH headaches typically affect those who suffer from tension-type headaches or migraines. MOH headaches usually occur as soon as a person wakes up in the morning. Each person experiences the pain and location differently. Additionally, they might feel queasy, agitated, and have trouble focusing.

Taking medication for headache disorders regularly causes these headaches. However, if a person’s pain is not improving, they might take them more frequently or in greater quantities. If a patient has a headache condition and has taken painkillers for at least 15 days in a month, a doctor may diagnose MOH. NSAIDs like aspirin and ibuprofen, opioids, and acetaminophen-triptans, like sumatriptan, can all result in MOH when they wear off.

Stopping the medication that is causing the headaches is the only way to treat MOH. But anyone who wants to stop taking medication should only do so under a doctor’s supervision. To facilitate the withdrawal process, they can offer alternative medication prescriptions and assistance in creating a plan. The following symptoms are likely to occur after stopping the drug: worsened headaches, nausea, vomiting, elevated heart rate, low blood pressure, sleep disturbance, restlessness, anxiety, and nervousness.

A doctor may prescribe antiemetics or other medications to help manage nausea and vomiting. Although they can linger for up to four weeks, the symptoms typically last two to ten days. After a MOH is resolved, a medical expert will provide advice on appropriate painkillers to take. MOH can be avoided by limiting the use of painkillers for headaches, avoiding codeine and opioids, and taking preventive medication for chronic migraines.

Sinus headaches Sinusitis, or inflammation of the sinuses, is the cause of sinus headaches. Usually, an allergy or infection is the cause. A dull, throbbing ache around the eyes, cheeks, and forehead is one of the symptoms. Movement or straining may make the pain worse, and it occasionally spreads to the jaw and teeth. Facial pressure or pain, decreased sense of smell, nasal discharge, a blocked nose, fever, exhaustion, poor breath, coughing, dental pain, and a general feeling of being ill are some additional possible symptoms. Seldom do sinus headaches occur. This type of headache is more likely to be a migraine episode if there are no nasal symptoms.

Usually, sinusitis goes away on its own in four weeks. OTC pain relievers, salt water nasal sprays or solutions from the pharmacy, antihistamines, steroid nasal sprays, available with a prescription, antibiotics, rest, and fluids, and if there is a bacterial infection, people should consult a healthcare provider if symptoms worsen or do not go away after three weeks. A medical practitioner may recommend a patient to an ear, nose, and throat specialist to determine the underlying cause of sinusitis. To clear the sinuses, minor surgery might be required in certain situations. Avoiding smoking and other known allergens or triggers is one way to prevent sinusitis.

Headaches can occasionally result from consuming four cups of coffee a day, or more than 400 milligrams (mg) of caffeine. Withdrawal symptoms may include migraine-like headaches in those who have consumed more than 200 mg of caffeine per day for more than two weeks. These usually appear 12 to 24 hours following an abrupt cessation of caffeine use. They can last for 2 to 9 days and peak between 20 and 51 hours. The effects of caffeine vary from person to person, but cutting back on intake may lower the risk of headaches. Other potential symptoms include fatigue, difficulty concentrating, decreased mood or irritability, and nausea. Reducing caffeine intake may also benefit those who suffer from persistent migraines.

Headache After a Head Injury Sometimes a person experiences a headache right after or shortly after a head injury. This is frequently resolved by OTC pain relief. However, a person should get medical help right away if their symptoms are severe or get worse over time. In the event of a severe head injury or if any of the following symptoms appear after a head injury: unconsciousness, seizures, vomiting, memory loss, confusion, vision, or hearing issues, always call an ambulance. Post-traumatic headaches can also appear months after the initial head injury, making diagnosis challenging. They can last for up to a year and occasionally happen every day. Traumatic brain injury can occur from even minor head trauma.

Menstrual Headaches: The origin of such headaches is predominantly associated with shifts in hormone levels. During the menstrual cycle, migraines may manifest due to alterations in estrogen levels. In the pre-menstrual and post-menstrual phases, or during ovulation, hormone-related headaches typically manifest, with symptoms akin to migraines without an aura, although these may persist for a prolonged duration.

A throbbing headache the next day or even later that day can result from consuming too much alcohol. Both sides of the head typically experience these migraine-like headaches, which can get worse with movement. Symptoms of a hangover headache include light sensitivity and nausea. Hangovers cannot be cured, but they can be lessened by eating sugary foods and drinking lots of water. Over-the-counter pain relievers may lessen or eliminate headaches. Hangover symptoms usually disappear in 72 hours. Drinking in moderation, avoiding empty stomachs, and drinking water before bed and in between alcoholic beverages are all strategies to lower the chance of getting a hangover.

How to understand chronic pain

How to understand chronic pain

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In recent years, chronic pain has gained recognition as a medical condition in and of itself. This is because chronic pain is a disease process that is so complicated that we are only now beginning to understand what triggers it. However, what does it feel like to live with chronic pain, and how does the body and brain cope with it? Some of the terms people frequently use to describe their pain include dull, aching, gnawing, burning, sharp, shooting, and piercing.

Imagine having to deal with some of this every day until you have no idea what it’s like to go about your day without this constant pain that gradually saps your physical and mental stamina. For many people who suffer from chronic pain, that is their reality. It could be an internal struggle concealed behind gritted teeth and fake smiles, and some days might be fantastic and some days awful. However, how does chronic pain become, well, chronic? In the most recent episode of our Pain Awareness Month-themed In Conversation podcast, Medical News Today delves into the science of chronic pain with Dr. Tony L. and Hilary Guite. As Joel Nelson, a longtime patient and advocate for psoriatic disease and arthritis talks about his own experience with pain.

Because chronic pain is not life-threatening, it is frequently disregarded as merely a symptom of a more serious issue or not given the attention it deserves. Chronic pain, however, has a social as well as a personal cost. According to studies, individuals who experience chronic pain may find it difficult to carry out daily tasks and activities and may also have worse general health. Chronic pain sufferers may also experience unemployment or unstable employment. Chronic pain was not recognized or diagnosed until 2018 when the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) assigned it a code in the draft version of the new ICD-11 coding system. Chronic primary pain and chronic secondary pain are the two new classifications of chronic pain made by the World Health Organization (WHO).

According to this classification, primary pain is defined as pain that cannot be attributed to or explained by another medical condition. Fibromyalgia and persistent primary low back pain are a couple of examples. A widespread pain disorder that affects at least four to five body parts and lasts for at least three months, but typically longer, fibromyalgia varies from person to person. Since there is no other explanation for the pain, Dr. Dot Guite clarified that it is a form of primary chronic pain. Conversely, secondary pain results from or is a result of an underlying medical condition. This would include pain from ulcerative colitis, cancer, or arthritis.

I began experiencing chronic pain when I was ten years old. And ever since, Joel Nelson told MNT’s In Conversation, “Chronic pain has kind of been an intermittent part of my life right up until the present day.”. Joel, who is currently 38 years old, has experienced chronic pain for several decades. My first encounter with pain was when I felt a burning sensation in my hip that resembled gravel. And it just got worse the more I used the joint; eventually, he said, I was losing some of my mobility. At that point, like most people do, he made the decision to ask for assistance. Joel claimed that noise is the best way to characterize his ongoing pain. I have always referred to it as noise because, on the days when the pain is severe, I simply lose the capacity to take in additional information and manage several tasks at once, he said.

In light of my current condition, I believe that the experience’s fluidity is its most significant lesson. In the end, my mobility and limits can vary from anything to the point where I can do more than just walk, and I might be able to run and cycle a little bit like I do now, to possibly needing crutches again the following week. Pain dictates a lot of that. I get a lot of stiffness in the mornings from arthritis, but the pain is what keeps me from doing things. Joel said it’s difficult to predict what will happen next with his chronic pain, likening it to a series of chapters. Researchers have discovered that a gateway receptor known as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) may be a governing factor behind the development of chronic pain from acute pain.

We are aware that signaling that is typically linked to what is known as innate immunity can be activated in response to various types of tissue or nerve damage. And the toll-like receptor is one of the mediators of that. It turns out that although those receptors are typically present to detect the presence of foreign bugs, like E. coli, those insects contain a substance known as lipopolysaccharide, or LPS, in their cell membrane. According to Dr. Dot Yaksh, bacteria are the source of that, which is not typically present in our system. You don’t need to acquire it; you are born with it. It is constantly present. Over the past few years, we’ve discovered that your body releases a variety of substances that will activate those same toll-like receptors, he continued.

The central immune system may be primed for elevated pain states by toll-like receptors. The body begins to release products from inflammatory cells in response to damaging stimuli, stressors, or tissue damage, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract or microbiome. According to him, when this occurs, the products that are expelled from our bodies can activate toll-like receptors. One such receptor is called TLR4, and it is found on both sensory neurons and inflammatory cells. Dr. According to Yaksh, TLR4 activation makes the nervous system more reactive but doesn’t actually cause as much pain. In addition to this priming, Dr. Dot Guite noted that if additional stressors are present at the time, such as poor diet or psychological distress, this can trigger a series of events that can accelerate the transition to chronic pain.

TLR4 activation initiates a cascade, a series of events that will result in increased expression of numerous receptors and channels capable of enhancing the system’s response. When this occurs, the initial tissue damage is followed by this improved response. It only makes the system more reactive; it doesn’t really cause the pain condition. According to him, Joel’s circumstances are consistent with the idea that people can experience different kinds of pain. That can be made worse by “psychological” stressors, which can intensify a pain state that may actually have a physiological component that we don’t fully comprehend, he continued.

Dr. Yaksh, for instance, proposed that Joel’s condition was likely made worse by the stress (and joy) of becoming a father and all the other factors involved, making it more difficult to manage the pain. He emphasized that this did not lessen the reality of the pain. The transition from one state to another, which we refer to as an acute to chronic transition or the chronification of the pain state, was established by Joel’s pain condition, the events that were connected to the psoriatic diagnosis, and other factors, he explained. I believe that there was likely a very strong, emotional component to his situation.

3 ways to slow down type 2 diabetes-related brain aging

3 ways to slow down type 2 diabetes-related brain aging

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Type 2 diabetes can impact multiple organ systems, including the heart, kidneys, eyes, and even the brain. Additionally, scientists have found evidence that diabetes accelerates brain aging, which may raise the risk of Alzheimer’s. This podcast explores lifestyle interventions that may help slow the cognitive decline associated with diabetes. However, is there a way to prevent this, and if so, how?

Type 2 diabetes accounts for more than 95 percent of the estimated 422 million cases of diabetes that occurred globally in 2014. 783 million people worldwide are predicted to receive a diabetes diagnosis by 2045. Over time, type 2 diabetes can cause numerous serious complications, including infections, heart disease, pain and loss of feeling (due to damage to nerves), and vision loss. It is a chronic illness that can impact several organs in the body. Diabetes can also have a detrimental effect on the brain.

Through a variety of pathways, type 2 diabetes has been linked in studies to memory loss, cognitive decline, and an elevated risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. The good news is that certain lifestyle modifications can either prevent or postpone type 2 diabetes. In this episode, we look at the results of two recent studies that provide clues about potential strategies to slow the aging process caused by diabetes. However, how precisely does type 2 diabetes contribute to accelerated brain aging, and how can we counteract accelerated brain aging caused by diabetes?

To answer these and other questions, MNT editors and co-hosts Yasemin Nicola Sakay and Maria Cohut spoke with Thomas (Tom) Barber, MD, an honorary consultant endocrinologist and associate professor at the University of Warwick in the United Kingdom. Barber has also appeared in two previous episodes of the In Conversation podcast: Can diet and exercise reverse prediabetes? and 100 Years of Insulin. You can listen to the entire episode below or on your preferred streaming service.

What to know about cognitive functioning

What to know about cognitive functioning

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Cognitive functioning has an impact on people’s memory and thought processes. A decline in a person’s mental and physical responses to their surroundings may result from impairment in this area of brain health. The way the brain functions and shows up as behavior is known as cognitive functioning or cognition.

It plays a crucial role in sustaining daily functioning and brain activity. It controls people’s thoughts, behaviors, learning, and attention to their surroundings. This article looks at dementia, mild impairment, cognitive decline, normal brain function, how the brain functions, and strategies to enhance cognitive function.

Cognitive functioning is the capacity for thought, learning, and memory. The mental process of gaining knowledge and understanding through thought and senses, paying attention, learning through memory, making decisions, planning, reasoning, speaking, and being aware of one’s surroundings is referred to as cognition in research from 2023.

One of the hardest-working organs, the brain operates automatically when it is in good working order. One aspect of a person’s brain health is cognitive function. Other factors include: Motor function: Which controls movements, balance, and how people move. The ability to perceive and react to emotions is known as emotional function. People’s feelings and reactions to touch sensations are referred to as tactile function.

All areas of the brain work together, but each area has its responsibilities:
The upper part of the spinal cord, the brain stem, controls vital functions such as breathing.
The cerebellum helps with movement.
The upper part of the brain stem controls reflexes and voluntary movements.
The forebrain has a left and right hemisphere: the left helps with word formation, and the right helps with reasoning skills.
The frontal lobe helps with short-term memory storage.
The motor cortex in each frontal lobe helps plan movement.
The parietal lobe behind the frontal lobe supports reading.
The somatosensory cortex helps receive sensory information.
The occipital lobe processes images and links to memory.
The temporal lobe is responsible for receiving information through the ear.
The inner brain helps modify our response to things we perceive in our environment.
The hypothalamus governs important functions such as waking up and emotional responses.
The hippocampus sends memories to the correct hemisphere.

Could the probiotic kefir help fight Alzheimer’s disease?

Could the probiotic kefir help fight Alzheimer’s disease?

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Brazilian researchers recently reviewed the effects of probiotic kefir on Alzheimer’s disease. Since there is currently no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, which is the most prevalent type of dementia, researchers are looking for novel ways to prevent and combat the condition. In their review, the researchers incorporated seven studies, one of which involved human subjects. Despite the small study population, the researchers discovered that kefir may alleviate symptoms. The idea that gut health may be crucial to brain health, including preventing and lessening the symptoms of dementia, is being supported by an increasing amount of evidence as researchers learn more about how to treat Alzheimer’s disease.

In light of this, Brazilian researchers recently examined some studies to determine whether kefir might be helpful for Alzheimer’s patients as a supplement. Because kefir has a distinct microbial makeup, the scientists wanted to investigate it further because probiotics promote gut health, which is thought to affect brain health. Even though they could only include a small number of studies in their review, the scientists were encouraged by the findings. According to one human study, taking kefir supplements enhanced memory and cognitive function. 7 million individuals in the U.S. have Alzheimer’s disease, and in the next 25 years, this number is expected to nearly double. Scientists constantly search for methods to lessen the effects of Alzheimer’s disease because of the toll it takes on people’s bodies, minds, and finances.

Several studies have looked into the potential benefits of probiotics for individuals with Alzheimer’s disease, and the researchers in this review wanted to find out if probiotic kefir might help. Probiotics are crucial for gut health because they can boost the microbiome’s beneficial bacteria, which can help the heart, immune system, and other bodily systems. Probiotics can be found in foods like yogurt and sauerkraut, as well as in beverages like kefir, which is a fermented milk beverage. Kefir grains are fermented with both dairy and non-dairy milk to produce kefir. Kefir stood out, according to the review authors, because it has a symbiotic relationship between yeast and bacteria.

The researchers searched several databases for research on neurodegenerative diseases and kefir. Seven studies were found after they filtered their search results; two of these involved flies, four involved rodents, and one involved humans. The researchers wanted to know how kefir might affect oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and cognitive function. Oxidative stress is a process that increases in the brain as people age and can lead to dementia, according to the 2016 review. The review authors assessed the potential effects of kefir as an adjuvant treatment for Alzheimer’s disease after examining the various models. Kefir may have potential cognitive benefits, according to animal studies. This was shown in both the fly and rodent studies.

The effects of kefir on the gut microbiota and the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway were examined in one of the rodent studies. This is important because Alzheimer’s disease is linked to the TLR4 pathway. This investigation demonstrated that kefir significantly reduced TLR4 expression. As a result, neuroinflammation decreased, safeguarding brain tissue and enhancing cognitive performance. Another study on rodents examined the effects of kefir when combined with a stem cell therapy treatment for Alzheimer’s disease; this also led to a reduction in neuroinflammation. Kefir was examined in the other two rodent studies using either simvastatin, a drug that lowers cholesterol, or pioglitazone, an anti-diabetic drug. These two provided protective advantages.

Both fly studies examined the effects of kefir on motor skills, and one study examined the effects of kefir on amyloid buildup. One characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease is beta-amyloid plaques. The fly study revealed a decrease in amyloid accumulation, indicating that kefir might be used as an adjuvant therapy. Supplementing with kefir improved the motor skills of both fly models. This could be helpful for those who have Alzheimer’s disease because their motor skills gradually deteriorate. Dr. Gliebus explained that kefir may help maintain brain health by restoring a balanced gut microbiome, lowering systemic inflammation, and fortifying the gut barrier, which can limit neuroinflammation.

The antioxidant qualities of kefir’s bioactive ingredients may shield neurons from oxidative damage. This defense may slow down neurodegeneration by maintaining mitochondrial and synaptic function. Gliebus clarified how kefir might be beneficial, but he also pointed out that more research is required to fully understand the relationship between probiotics and Alzheimer’s disease. Kefir’s ability to modulate neuroinflammation and oxidative stress through the gut-brain axis makes it a promising adjunct therapy, according to the review. However, Gliebus stressed that the available data is still very preliminary. Despite the compelling biological justification, more thorough clinical research is required before kefir is suggested as a standard part of [Alzheimer’s] treatment.

We are still learning how kefir might affect individuals with Alzheimer’s, even though preliminary research, primarily conducted on animals and in lab settings, indicates that it may help lower oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain. Although it’s encouraging, more clinical studies are required before we can offer firm recommendations. Salinas added that it might be beneficial to concentrate on lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise. By promoting brain health and general well-being, dietary interventions like kefir may enhance these treatments, according to Salinas. People who are at risk or who are in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease may benefit most from a holistic approach that includes a balanced diet, physical activity, cognitive stimulation, and social engagement.

Colorectal cancer: What to know

Colorectal cancer: What to know

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Any cancer that affects the colon and rectum is referred to as colorectal cancer, sometimes called bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer. Constipation, diarrhea, or blood in the stool are typical symptoms of colorectal cancer. Symptoms of colorectal cancer might not appear until the disease has advanced. Screening may be beneficial for people with colorectal cancer risk factors, such as being over 50 and having a family history of the disease. Additionally, people can lower their risk of colorectal cancer by taking certain actions. This could entail adjustments to one’s diet and exercise routine.

In its early stages, colorectal cancer might not exhibit symptoms. Changes in bowel habits, such as constipation, diarrhea, narrow stools, a feeling that the bowel does not empty completely, blood in the feces that makes it appear dark brown or black, bright red blood from the rectum, abdominal pain and bloating, fatigue, and unexplained weight loss are some of the symptoms that may occur if it does. In the United States, approximately 37% of patients with colorectal cancer are diagnosed in the early stages of the disease. Colorectal cancer symptoms, however, can mimic those of numerous other illnesses. Anyone worried about these symptoms ought to consult a doctor.

Some people only become aware of symptoms when colorectal cancer spreads to other parts of their body, such as the liver or lungs. Of those who are diagnosed with colon cancer after expressing symptoms, 37% have blood in their feces or from the rectum, 34% have abdominal pain, and 23% have anemia. The affected area may influence the symptoms. For instance, jaundice, which results in yellowing of the whites of the eyes, can occur if cancer spreads to the liver. People may also appear yellowish if their skin is white or light brown. Coughing or trouble breathing may be symptoms of lung cancer.

In 2025, there will be 46,950 new cases of rectal cancer and 107,320 new cases of colon cancer in the US, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS). The third most prevalent type of cancer in the United States is colorectal cancer. S. It is the second most common cause of death among cancers that affect people of all sexes. Globally, the incidence varies. It is more prevalent in nations with stronger economies. However, the prevalence of colorectal cancer in different populations in these nations may be influenced by socioeconomic factors, such as access to cancer care and screening. Additionally, colorectal cancer rates among those under 50 have been on the rise.

Although the exact cause of colorectal cancer is unknown, a mix of environmental and genetic factors is probably to blame. Approximately 70% of cases of colon cancer () have no known cause. Three to five percent of cases may be caused by genetic mutations linked to inherited colon cancer. Although there are no inherited mutations, 20–25% of people may have a family history of the condition. Other risk factors for colorectal cancer may include: being over 50; being male; eating a lot of red or processed meats; drinking alcohol; smoking; not exercising much; being overweight or obese; having type 2 diabetes; having received radiation treatment for childhood abdominal cancer; and having polyps in the colon or rectum.

A 2023 review found that Alaskan Native and Black Americans have the highest rates of colorectal cancer deaths and incidence in the United States. S. According to the American Cancer Society, African Americans have a 40 percent higher fatality rate and a 20 percent higher chance of developing this type of cancer than white people. Inequity in employment, diet, and other aspects of daily life, as well as socioeconomic factors and disparities in screening and other healthcare aspects, could be the cause.

Tests for colorectal cancer may include stool, blood, and visual examinations, including a colonoscopy. Screening guidelines differ from one organization to the next. For instance, the United States Preventive Services Task Force advises adults between the ages of 45 and 75 to get screened for colorectal cancer. According to them, screening for adults between the ages of 75 and 85 ought to be selective and take into account personal characteristics like patient preference and general health. The American College of Physicians modified its recommendations in 2023. It suggests that starting at age 50, clinicians should screen adults with an average risk of colorectal cancer. However, it recommends that if an adult has an average risk or a life expectancy of less than ten years, clinicians should think about not screening adults between the ages of 45 and 49 who have an average risk, as well as adults over 75 who do not exhibit symptoms. Healthcare providers may advise screening to begin before the age of 45 if a person has a high risk of colorectal cancer.

Polyps can be found through screening before they develop into cancer. Additionally, it can identify colon cancer early on, when treatment is simpler. A physical examination may be the first step in diagnosing colorectal cancer. A person’s symptoms may determine the specifics of this. Other diagnostic procedures could include a colonoscopy, which gives a doctor a view of the entire colon and rectum using a long, flexible instrument with a camera. Stool tests: To look for blood, doctors may analyze a stool sample. Blood tests: To examine tumor markers, liver enzymes, and blood cells, doctors may perform blood tests. Biopsy: To check for cancerous cells in a lab, a physician may take a tissue sample during surgery or a colonoscopy. Proctoscopy: A proctoscopy involves a physician using a tiny, thin tube with a video camera attached to look inside the rectum. Imaging tests: A doctor can detect cancer or determine whether and how far it has spread with the use of imaging tests like MRIs, CT scans, and ultrasounds.

Many variables determine the optimal course of treatment for colorectal cancer. The size, location, and stage of the tumors, whether the cancer is recurrent, and the patient’s general health are some of these. Surgery is the main treatment for colorectal cancer that only affects the colon. In addition to removing tumors and impacted lymph nodes, its goals are to stop the cancer from spreading. The location of the cancer, its stage, and the intended surgical outcome may all influence the type of surgery. The following surgical techniques may be used to treat colon and rectal cancer: Polypectomy: In cases of very early-stage cancer, doctors remove the cancer during a colonoscopy as part of a polyp. Local excision: Doctors remove small, early-stage cancers along with some surrounding tissue during a colonoscopy.

A colectomy involves removing the colon and any surrounding lymph nodes, either completely or partially. Some small, early-stage rectal cancers that are near the rectum can be removed with a transanal excision. Higher rectum cancers may require transanal endoscopic microsurgery. Low anterior resection: This procedure eliminates the rectum’s lymph nodes, surrounding tissues, and cancer. Proctectomy: The entire rectum is removed during a proctectomy. The rectum, anus, and surrounding tissues are removed during an abdominal-perineal resection. People will need a colostomy bag for the rest of their lives. To manage or remove cancerous growths that obstruct the colon or rectum, people may also require surgery. If cancer spreads.

The extent of cancer’s spread is indicated by its stage. Identifying the stage aids medical professionals in selecting the best course of action. There are various staging guidelines. One set of rules states: Stage 0: Also referred to as carcinoma in situ, this is the earliest stage. Only the inner layer of the colon or rectum contains the cancer.
Stage 1: Although the cancer has penetrated the inner layer of the colon or rectum, it has not progressed past the colon or rectum’s wall.
Stage 2: Although the cancer has not yet spread to neighboring lymph nodes, it has penetrated or grown through the colon or rectum’s wall.
Stage 3: Although the cancer has not spread to other areas of the body, it has reached neighboring lymph nodes.
Stage 4: The cancer has spread to other body parts, like the lungs or liver. Sometimes the cancer is eradicated by treatment, but it returns in a different or identical location. We refer to this type of cancer as “recurrent”

Anyone can get colorectal cancer, and there is no way to avoid it. However, by going to routine screening, those with a higher-than-average risk might be able to detect it early. Additionally, people may be able to lower their risk of colorectal cancer by altering their lifestyle. Consuming a healthy, balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains; maintaining or reaching a moderate weight; exercising frequently; avoiding red and processed meats; quitting or abstaining from smoking; avoiding alcohol; and taking certain vitamins and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs regularly may all help lower the risk of colorectal cancer, according to research. However, before attempting these techniques, people should consult a physician. Additionally, scientists are investigating how vaccines might be used to treat and prevent colorectal cancer.

What causes lupus?

What causes lupus?

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Lupus is indeed a multifactorial disease, where both genetic and environmental factors contribute to its development. While a family history of lupus or other autoimmune diseases can increase the risk of developing lupus, it is not a guarantee. The genetic predisposition might make certain individuals more susceptible, but environmental triggers, such as infections, sun exposure, or certain medications, are often necessary to actually initiate the disease process.

The fact that certain ethnic groups are at higher risk for lupus further supports the genetic component, but also points to possible environmental factors specific to those populations. The significant difference in risk for siblings of lupus patients is a striking example of how genetics can play a key role. However, the complexity of the disease means that even when someone has genetic predispositions, they may never develop lupus if they are not exposed to the environmental triggers.

The interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental triggers is still not fully understood, which is why researchers continue to study both aspects. The role of autoantibodies, like antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), is also a crucial part of lupus, and testing for them helps in diagnosing the disease or assessing its risk in at-risk individuals. But as you mentioned, the presence of autoantibodies alone doesn’t necessarily indicate lupus.

Understanding the precise mechanisms of how genes and environmental factors interact could potentially lead to better prevention strategies or treatments in the future. Do you have any particular aspect of lupus research or genetic studies you’re interested in learning more about?

Genes Associated with Lupus: There has been significant progress in identifying specific genes associated with lupus, which has given researchers valuable insights into the underlying genetic factors contributing to the disease. Some of these genes are involved in the immune system’s regulation, and their malfunction or variation can predispose individuals to autoimmune diseases like lupus. Here are a few key genes and their roles in lupus:

HLA-DR2 and HLA-DR3: The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, particularly HLA-DR2 and HLA-DR3, are strongly associated with an increased risk of developing lupus. These genes help regulate the immune system by presenting foreign substances (antigens) to immune cells, helping the body differentiate between self and non-self. Specific variations in these genes can lead to an immune system that mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues, contributing to the development of autoimmune diseases like lupus.

IRF5 (Interferon Regulatory Factor 5): The IRF5 gene is involved in the regulation of immune responses, particularly the activation of immune cells. Variations in this gene have been linked to an increased risk of lupus, as it plays a role in the production of type I interferons, which are crucial in the immune system’s defense against infections. In lupus, these interferons can contribute to the overactivation of immune cells and the subsequent attack on healthy tissues.

STAT4 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 4): STAT4 is another gene involved in immune system signaling. It plays a role in the activation of certain immune cells, such as T cells. Mutations or certain variations in STAT4 have been associated with an increased risk of lupus, particularly in individuals of European and Asian descent. STAT4 is part of the signaling pathway that can drive the production of antibodies that target the body’s own tissues.

PTPN22 (Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-Receptor Type 22): The PTPN22 gene encodes a protein involved in regulating immune cell activity. Variants of this gene have been associated with lupus and other autoimmune diseases. It is thought that certain mutations in PTPN22 may impair the regulation of immune cell activation, leading to a more aggressive immune response that contributes to the development of lupus.

TNFAIP3 (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Induced Protein 3): The TNFAIP3 gene plays a role in regulating inflammation by controlling the immune response to infection or injury. Variations in this gene have been linked to autoimmune diseases, including lupus. In particular, mutations in TNFAIP3 may affect its ability to regulate immune responses properly, leading to chronic inflammation and immune system dysfunction that can contribute to lupus.

BAFF (B-cell Activating Factor): BAFF is a protein involved in the survival and activation of B cells, which are responsible for producing antibodies. In lupus, there is often an overproduction of BAFF, leading to the survival of autoreactive B cells that contribute to the production of antibodies against the body’s own tissues. The gene that encodes BAFF has been associated with an increased risk of lupus, and therapies targeting BAFF are being explored as potential treatments for lupus.

IRAK1 (Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 1): The IRAK1 gene is involved in the signaling pathways that lead to inflammation. Variants in IRAK1 have been linked to increased susceptibility to lupus, particularly in women, who are more likely to develop the disease. IRAK1 plays a key role in the immune system’s response to infection, and its overactivation may contribute to the chronic inflammation seen in lupus.

Although these genes are associated with lupus risk, it’s important to note that having these genetic variations does not guarantee an individual will develop lupus. The interaction between genetics and environmental factors, such as infections, UV exposure, hormonal changes, and lifestyle factors, also plays a significant role in determining whether someone will develop the disease. Researchers are continuing to explore the complex relationship between genes and environmental triggers to better understand how lupus develops.

MHC Genes: The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes are some of the most important genetic factors associated with autoimmune diseases, including lupus. These genes are involved in the immune system’s ability to recognize and respond to pathogens, but when they function abnormally or are involved in genetic susceptibility, they can contribute to autoimmune diseases like lupus.

The MHC genes are located on chromosome 6 and are responsible for encoding molecules that help the immune system distinguish between “self” (the body’s own cells) and “non-self” (foreign invaders, such as pathogens). The two main classes of MHC molecules are:

Class I MHC Molecules (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C)
These molecules are present on nearly all nucleated cells and are primarily responsible for presenting viral or intracellular antigens to cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells).

Class II MHC Molecules (HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR)
These are expressed on antigen-presenting cells (such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells). Class II molecules present foreign antigens to helper T cells (CD4+ T cells), which play a key role in activating other parts of the immune system.

MHC class II and III represent two families of genes known to be associated with lupus. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes help to shape your immune response by coding for proteins that function in response to invaders (antigens). The strength of the association of MHC II genes with lupus varies by ethnicity. MHC III genes code for components of the complement system, a group of proteins that interact to clear immune complexes and affect your body’s inflammatory response. Specifically, lupus involves defects of the genes for complement proteins C4 and C2.

MHC genes, particularly those in the HLA region, are central to the immune system’s ability to distinguish between self and non-self. Variations in these genes are strongly associated with an increased risk of lupus, likely because these genetic variations may alter how the immune system processes and presents self-antigens. While these genes increase susceptibility, environmental triggers are also crucial in the development of lupus.

Understanding the specific interactions between MHC genes, immune system function, and environmental factors is a key area of lupus research, and it holds potential for better diagnostics and treatments in the future.

Other Genes: Other genes have also been associated with the development of lupus. Among these are genes that code for variants of opsonins, molecules that make it easier for cells in your immune response to initiate certain steps. [Specifically, opsonins are involved in the facilitation of phagocytosis, the process in which cells called macrophages swallow antibodies carrying invading particles (antigens).] The specific opsonins involved are two proteins called mannose-binding protein and C-reactive protein.

Genes that code for complement receptors and antibody receptors are also known to be associated with lupus. These receptors are responsible for detecting and binding to pathogens in the body. In addition, genes for cytokines, molecules that function as signaling molecules in your immune system, have also been implicated in the association with lupus. Specifically, researchers have focused on cytokines called tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10).

Genes that code for molecules called Fcγ-receptors that function to “catch” antibodies carrying antigens also have been linked to lupus nephritis (lupus affecting the kidneys). Specifically, researchers have targeted variants of this gene that cause these receptors to function poorly, causing inefficient clearance of immune system cells from the body.

Hormones and Environmental Factors
Women are 9 times more likely than men to develop lupus. This phenomenon can be explained by sex hormones and the resulting relative strengths of the female and male immune systems. The female body generates and uses larger quantities of estrogen, while the male body relies on hormones called androgens. Estrogen is known to be an “immunoenhancing” hormone, which means that women have stronger immune systems than men. For this reason, the incidence of autoimmune diseases is generally higher in women than in men. Such an observation makes sense in light of the evolutionary need for women to survive to nurture their children.

In addition, certain environmental factors have been linked to the development of lupus. These environmental contributors are difficult to isolate, but researchers have established links between lupus and a variety of toxins, such as cigarette smoke, silica, and mercury. Infectious disease agents such as the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV, which causes mononucleosis or “mono”), herpes zoster virus (the virus that causes shingles), and cytomegalovirus have also been implicated. Certain drugs can cause lupus-like syndrome and exposure to ultraviolet light and stress are known to aggravate lupus symptoms, but none of these factors have been identified as direct causes of the disease.

Lupus Signs, Symptoms, and Co-occuring Conditions

Lupus Signs, Symptoms, and Co-occuring Conditions

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Lupus affects everyone differently, but certain signs and symptoms are common. [A sign is a medical evidence your doctor finds during a physical exam, such as a specific rash; a symptom is a subjective indication of disease, such as joint stiffness or a headache.] In addition, other conditions, such as fibromyalgia, occur commonly in people with lupus but are not directly due to disease activity. These co-occurring conditions are known to doctors as “comorbidities.” Several signs, symptoms, and comorbidity of lupus are detailed below.

Fever
The average human body temperature is around 98.5°F, but many people run just above or below that mark. A temperature of 101°F is generally accepted as a fever. Many people with lupus experience reoccurring, low-grade temperatures that do not reach 101°. Such low-grade temperatures may signal oncoming illness or an approaching lupus flare. Fever can also signal inflammation or infection, so it is important to be aware of the patterns of your body and notify your physician of anything unusual.

Joint Stiffness
Many lupus patients experience joint stiffness, especially in the morning. People often find that taking warm showers helps to relieve this problem. If this habit does not offer comfort and joint stiffness prevents you from daily activity, be sure to speak with your doctor. He/she will examine you for any signs of joint swelling and can speak with you about medications that may ease some of this pain and inflammation, such as over-the-counter pain treatments and NSAIDs. Tenderness of a joint in known as arthralgia, and it is important that your doctor distinguish this from the arthritis (true swelling) that may accompany lupus.

If you experience a fever lasting a few days or fevers that come and go over a few days, you should take your temperature twice daily and keep a record. Certain trends may alert your doctor to specific processes occurring in your body. In addition, a fever of 101°F or more should be given medical attention. If you are taking steroid medications such as prednisone, be alert for any sign of infection, since steroids can suppress your immune system while also masking symptoms of infection. Immunosuppressive medications such as azathioprine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, and mycophenolate also suppress the immune system, so if you begin to feel ill when taking one of these medications, notify your doctor immediately.

Weight Changes / Weight Loss
Increased lupus activity can sometimes cause weight loss, and certain medications can cause loss of appetite. No matter what the cause of your weight loss, you should speak to your doctor to ensure that the loss does not indicate a more serious condition. If you experience a loss of appetite due to your medications, your doctor may suggest alternative medications or solutions to ease stomach discomfort.

Weight Gain
Other medications, such as corticosteroids, can cause weight gain. Therefore, you must speak to your doctor about maintaining a balanced diet while taking these medications. You may need to reduce your calorie consumption; your physician can refer you to a nutrition counselor if needed. Light to moderate exercise can also help you to maintain a healthy weight and cardiovascular system, while also boosting your mood. Please remember that it is very easy to gain weight, especially when taking steroids, but it is much more difficult to lose it. You must try to achieve a healthy weight because women with lupus between the ages of 35 and 44 are fifty times more likely to experience a heart attack than the average woman. In addition, maintaining a healthy weight helps to alleviate stress on your joints and keeps your organs working productively and efficiently.

Fatigue and Malaise
Ninety percent of people with lupus will experience general fatigue and malaise at some point during the disease. Some people find a short 1 ½ hour afternoon nap to be effective in reducing fatigue. However, exceeding this time frame might lead to problems sleeping at night. If you feel that you are tired throughout most of the day and that fatigue prevents you from engaging in daily activities, speak to your doctor. Fatigue accompanied by pain in certain parts of your body may be a sign of a treatable condition called fibromyalgia. Other fatigue-inducing conditions, such as anemia, low thyroid, and depression, can also be treated. If you and your doctor decide that your malaise is due solely to lupus, try to stay as active and mobile as possible during your daily routine. Often this can be difficult, but many people find that slightly pushing themselves to engage in light to moderate exercise actually increases their energy levels. However, you should never push yourself beyond reasonable discomfort.

Sjogren’s Syndrome
As many as 10% of people with lupus may experience a condition called Sjogren’s syndrome, a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the glands that produce tears and saliva do not function correctly. Sjogren’s can also affect people who do not have lupus. People with Sjogren’s often experience dryness of the eyes, mouth, and vagina. They may also feel a gritty or sandy sensation in their eyes, especially in the morning. This dryness occurs because the immune system has begun to attack the moisture-producing glands of the eyes and mouth (the lacrimal and parotid glands, respectively), resulting in decreased tears and saliva.

You must speak to your doctor if you experience dryness of the eyes and mouth since the medications for these conditions must be taken regularly to prevent discomfort and permanent scarring (especially of the tear glands). The Schirmer’s test is usually performed to check for Sjogren’s and involves placing a small piece of litmus paper under the eyelid. Eye symptoms can be relieved by frequent use of Artificial Tears, and an eyedrop medication called Restasis is often used to prevent the worsening of Sjogren’s. Evoxac (or pilocarpine) can be used to increase both tear and saliva production, and certain lozenges (Numoisyn) can also be helpful for dry mouth.

Depression
Depression and anxiety are present in almost one-third of all people with lupus. Clinical depression is different than the passing pangs of sadness that can haunt all of us from time to time. Rather, clinical depression is a prolonged, unpleasant, and disabling condition. The hallmark characteristics of depression are feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, general sadness, and a loss of interest in daily activities. Depression also often involves crying spells, changes in appetite, nonrestful sleep, loss of self-esteem, inability to concentrate, decreased interest in the outside world, memory problems, and indecision. In addition, people who are depressed may suffer from certain physiologic signs, such as headaches, palpitations, loss of sexual drive, indigestion, and cramping. Patients are considered to be clinically depressed when they experience symptoms that last for several weeks and are enough to disrupt their daily lives. Patients suffering from depression also often experience a general slowing and clouding of mental functions, such as memory, concentration, and problem-solving abilities. This phenomenon is sometimes described as a “fog.” The cause of depression is not known; sometimes a genetic component predisposes an individual to the condition. Depression is rarely due to active lupus in the brain.

While clinical depression can be caused by the emotional drain of coping with a chronic medical condition and the sacrifices and adjustments that are required of the disease, it can also be induced by steroid medications (e.g., prednisone) and other physiological factors. You must speak with your doctor if you feel you are experiencing clinical depression because many people who are physically ill respond well to anti-depressant medications. In addition, your doctor may treat your depression in different ways depending on the cause.

Gastrointestinal Problems
Many people with lupus suffer from gastrointestinal problems, especially heartburn caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Peptic ulcers can also occur, often due to certain medications used in lupus treatment, including NSAIDs and steroids. Occasional heartburn or acid indigestion can be treated with an over-the-counter antacid, such as Rolaids, Maalox, Mylanta, or Tums. Your doctor may also include an antacid or another form of GI medication (a proton pump inhibitor, histamine2 blocker, or promotility agent) in your treatment regimen. Antacids are effective when used to treat occasional symptoms, but you should try to avoid heartburn and acid indigestion altogether by eating smaller meals, remaining upright after eating, and cutting down on caffeine. If heartburn and acid reflux persist (e.g., for more than two weeks), you should speak with your doctor, because your heartburn symptoms could indicate a larger problem.

Thyroid Problems
The thyroid is the gland in your neck associated with your metabolism the processes by which your body makes use of energy. Autoimmune thyroid disease is common in lupus. It is believed that about 6% of people with lupus have hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and about 1% have hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). A thyroid gland that is functioning improperly can affect the function of organs such as the brain, heart, kidneys, liver, and skin. Hypothyroidism can cause weight gain, fatigue, depression, moodiness, and dry hair and skin. Hyperthyroidism can cause weight loss, heart palpitations, tremors, and heat intolerance, and eventually lead to osteoporosis. Treatment for both underactive and overactive thyroid involves getting your body’s metabolism back to the normal rate. Hypothyroidism is usually treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Hyperthyroidism is treated with anti-thyroid medications or radioactive iodine.

Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis (bone thinning) occurs when the bones lose calcium and other minerals that help keep them strong and compact. This condition can lead to fractures, bone pain, and shorter stature. Everyone is at risk for osteoporosis as they age, but women experience a greater risk of the condition after menopause. Studies have shown that people with lupus are at an increased risk for osteoporosis due to both the inflammation they experience with the disease and the use of prednisone.

Your bones are constantly being remodeled in a process that removes old bone cells and deposits new ones. In people with osteoporosis, the bones lose minerals faster than they can be regenerated. Medications called bisphosphonates (e.g., Actonel, Fosamax, Boniva, and Reclast) can be taken to help prevent your bones from losing calcium and other minerals by slowing or stopping the natural processes that dissolve bone tissue. In doing this, bisphosphonates help your bones remain strong and intact. If you have already developed osteoporosis, these medications may slow the thinning of your bones and help prevent bone fractures. In fact, studies have shown that bisphosphonates can lower your risk of fractured vertebrae bone segments that make up your spine by 50%. Similar studies demonstrate that these medications can lower the chance of breaking other bones by 30-49%. However, when bisphosphonates are unsuccessful, patients may need a daily injection of parathyroid hormone (Forteo) to build bone.

What to know about vision loss

What to know about vision loss

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Either total or partial loss of vision is referred to as vision loss. Vision loss in one or both eyes can happen suddenly or gradually, depending on the cause. Some forms of vision loss can be reversed or are only temporary. People of all ages are frequently disabled by vision issues. Over 1 million Americans are blind, and an estimated 12 million people in the US who are 40 years of age or older have some kind of visual impairment. Partial or total vision loss can result from a variety of factors, such as aging, migraines, injuries, and medical disorders. The causes of sudden or gradual vision loss, as well as treatments and coping mechanisms, are examined in this article.

Losing the ability to see clearly is called vision loss. Central vision loss, or difficulty seeing objects in the center of vision, peripheral vision loss, or difficulty seeing objects out of the corner of the eyes, general vision loss, night blindness, difficulty seeing in low light, blurry or hazy vision, feeling as though one’s vision is out of focus or as though one is looking through a filter, and the inability to see shapes or only shadows are some of the various types of vision loss that can be brought on by various diseases or conditions.

Causes of sudden vision loss occur for a few seconds or minutes to a few days and can be caused by a variety of conditions.
Migraine: A common visual symptom of migraine is migraine aura, which is experienced by many migraineurs. Visual aura symptoms are present in about 25 to 30 percent of migraineurs. Some people experience spots, sparkles, or zigzag lines as a result. Others experience tunnel vision, total blindness, or loss of vision on either side. Headache is frequently, but not always, associated with these visual disturbances. They usually persist for 10 to 30 minutes and last less than an hour. After a few seconds, some disappear.

Keratitis: People who wear contact lenses may be more susceptible to keratitis, or inflammation of the cornea, than those who do not. Keratitis may result from an eye injury or infection. Blurred vision, pain, light sensitivity, or vision loss are some of the symptoms. This state is transient. A doctor will prescribe medicine to treat it.

Conjunctivitis: Conjunctivitis, commonly referred to as pinkeye, can result in blindness. An infection or inflammation of the conjunctiva is known as conjunctivitis. Additionally, it may result in pain, redness, blurriness, or vision problems. Temporary in nature, conjunctivitis typically goes away on its own. Antibiotic eye drops may be helpful for bacterial conjunctivitis.

Eye strain: An individual may experience vision loss and start to perceive objects as blurry if they stare at a screen for an extended time. This is typically a transient issue that can be fixed by letting the eyes rest and removing oneself from the screen for a while. By following the 20-20-20 rule, eye strain can be avoided. This implies that someone looks away from the screen for 20 seconds every 20 minutes to look at something 20 feet away.

Corneal abrasion: Sudden vision loss can also result from eye injuries. The severity of the injury will determine whether it is temporary or permanent, and the appropriate course of treatment will be determined. To determine the extent of the eye injury, people might wish to consult an eye specialist.

Causes of gradual vision loss
Loss of vision is not always abrupt. It can occasionally occur over an extended length of time. The eye condition known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can affect a person’s peripheral vision. One of the main causes of vision loss in adults over 50 is AMD. This can happen very slowly or very quickly. Near the center of their vision, many people start to notice a fuzzy patch that could get bigger over time.

Glaucoma: A class of illnesses known as glaucoma harms the optic nerve, which is found in the rear of the eye. Glaucoma symptoms can develop so gradually that a person may not be aware of their condition until they undergo an eye exam. Either one or both eyes may experience it. If left untreated, glaucoma can lead to blindness, starting with peripheral vision. For glaucoma, doctors employ a few different approaches, such as surgery, laser treatment, and medications (usually eye drops). Damage cannot be undone by treatment.

Diabetic retinopathy: People with diabetes can develop diabetic retinopathy, a condition that results in blindness and vision loss. It impacts the blood vessels in the retina, which is the tissue layer at the back of the eye that is sensitive to light. Diabetic retinopathy can develop in anyone with diabetes, so diabetics need to have regular eye exams to detect it early. Symptoms are not always apparent in the early stages. Medication, laser therapy, or surgery may be used as forms of treatment.

Diagnosis: When someone suddenly loses their vision, it should be handled as a medical emergency, and they should get help right away. A doctor may perform an eye exam to diagnose vision loss. To assess a person’s vision, they might shine a light in their eyes or ask them to read the letters on a chart. In order to examine your retina and optic nerves, they might also dilate your eyes. A neurological examination to assess brain and eye function may also be part of the diagnosis.

Prevention: Although there are steps people can take to take care of their eye health, it is not always possible to prevent vision loss. putting the eyes to rest. Every 20 minutes, take a 20-second break from staring at a screen to focus on something 20 feet away. wearing eye protection. When engaging in specific activities, such as playing sports, building projects, or doing home repairs, wear safety goggles or glasses. putting on sunglasses. Select sunglasses that offer 99 to 100 percent protection against UVA and UVB rays. Keep up a healthy lifestyle: Diabetes (diabetic retinopathy) and hypertension (retinal vein occlusion) are two major causes of vision loss. The risk of these issues can be decreased by maintaining a healthy weight, diet, and lifestyle. Additionally, maintaining a healthy diet, stopping smoking, getting regular eye exams, and being aware of your risk for eye diseases can all help protect your eyes.

There are numerous causes of vision loss. Conjunctivitis and migraines are examples of transient causes. Permanent vision loss can result from medical conditions like AMD and diabetic retinopathy. Eye disease frequently has no symptoms or warning indicators. The best methods to maintain eye health are early detection and treatment of eye issues, and it’s critical to get medical help if vision loss develops.

What to know about Alzheimer’s disease

What to know about Alzheimer’s disease

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Alzheimer’s disease is a neurological disorder that impairs memory and thinking abilities. Although there isn’t a cure at this time, there are strategies and medications to help someone. The most prevalent kind of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease. In the US, it is responsible for between 60 and 80 percent of dementia cases. The condition usually first manifests in those who are 65 years of age or older. An overview of Alzheimer’s disease is given in this article, along with information on its causes, symptoms, and potential treatments.

What is Alzheimer’s disease?
Alzheimer’s disease is a brain-related illness. At first, the symptoms are minor, but they gradually get worse. It bears Dr. Alois Alzheimer’s name, who originally described bacterial vaginosis (BV) in 1906. Alzheimer’s disease frequently manifests as impulsive or unpredictable behavior, memory loss, and language issues. The existence of plaques and tangles in the brain is one of the underlying biological alterations of the illness. Loss of communication between the brain’s neurons, or nerve cells, is another characteristic. These alterations stop information from moving from one part of the brain to another or from the brain to the muscles or organs. People find it more difficult to reason, recall recent events, and identify familiar faces as their symptoms worsen. A person suffering from Alzheimer’s disease may eventually require full-time help.

What is the difference between dementia and Alzheimer’s?
A variety of disorders involving a decline in cognitive abilities are collectively referred to as dementia. The most prevalent kind is Alzheimer’s. Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are some additional forms of dementia. Multiple dementias can occur. A collection of symptoms without a known cause is referred to as dementia. Many different mental processes may be impacted. Dementia is linked to numerous conditions. The most prevalent type of dementia, according to the Alzheimer’s Association, is Alzheimer’s disease. According to one review, Alzheimer’s disease accounts for about 70% of bacterial vaginosis (BV) cases in dementia patients.

The most prevalent kind of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease. Health professionals can differentiate Alzheimer’s from other forms of dementia even though it can be challenging to do so due to its distinctive symptoms and causes. According to researchers, the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease are brought on by an accumulation of odd proteins called tau and amyloid that tangle and form plaques in the brain. Brain cells’ ability to communicate may be impacted by the proteins that surround them. Eventually, this damages the cells to the point where they are unable to function.

Stages of Alzheimer’s disease: Alzheimer’s disease ranges from mild to severe. The sections below discuss the stages of Alzheimer’sbacterial vaginosis (BV) and some of their symptoms.

Mild Alzheimer’s disease: Individuals with mild Alzheimer’s disease may experience memory loss and cognitive challenges, such as: taking longer than usual to complete everyday tasks; having trouble managing finances or paying bills; getting lost and wandering; and experiencing behavioral and personality changes, such as pacing, hiding items, or becoming more easily agitated or angry.

Moderate Alzheimer’s disease: The brain regions in charge of language, senses, reasoning, and consciousness are harmed in moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Increased memory loss and confusion, trouble identifying friends or family, difficulty learning new things, trouble completing multi-stage tasks like getting dressed, difficulty adjusting to new situations, impulsive behavior, hallucinations, delusions, or paranoia are some of the consequences that may result from this.

Severe Alzheimer’s disease:The brain tissue shrinks significantly in severe Alzheimer’s disease due to the presence of plaques and tangles throughout the brain. An inability to communicate, a need for care from others, or an inability to get out of bed most of the time are all consequences of this.

Signs and symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease: The symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease worsen with time because it is a progressive illness. One important characteristic is memory loss, which frequently appears as one of the initial symptoms. For months or years, symptoms gradually manifest. A person needs to see a doctor right away if they experience similar symptoms over hours or days, as this could be a sign of a stroke..

Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease include:
Memory loss: A person may struggle to retain information and assimilate new information. Cognitive deficits: A person may have trouble with reasoning, complex tasks, and judgment. This can result in: repeating questions or conversations; losing objects; forgetting events or appointments; wandering or getting lost. Reduced awareness of safety and risks; trouble handling money or paying bills; trouble making decisions; difficulty finishing multi-stage tasks, like getting dressed; and recognition issues: Even if someone can see faces or objects clearly, they may become less able to recognize them or use basic tools. Spatial awareness issues include trouble balancing, tripping, or spilling more frequently, as well as trouble orienting clothing to the body when putting on clothes. Speaking, reading, or writing issues: A person may experience trouble coming up with common words or they may make more mistakes in their writing, speech, or spelling. Changes in personality or behavior: A person may become more frequently upset, angry, or worried than before; lose interest in or motivation for activities they typically enjoy; lose empathy; or engage in compulsive, obsessive, or socially inappropriate behavior.

Early onset Alzheimer’s disease: Although Alzheimer’s disease usually affects older adults, it does not only occur in this group. People can develop the condition in their 50s or 40s. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) can occasionally appear in a person’s 30s. Early onset Alzheimer’s disease is the term for this condition. The Alzheimer’s Association states that of the 7 million Americans who have Alzheimer’s, it is unknown how many have early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. On the other hand, the condition developing at a younger age is far less common. Doctors frequently don’t know why this condition strikes younger people. The illness can be brought on by many uncommon genes. Familial Alzheimer’s disease is the term for Alzheimer’s disease that has a genetic component.

Treatments for Alzheimer’s disease: Alzheimer’s disease does not currently have a cure. Reversing the death of brain cells is impossible. Treatments, however, can lessen its symptoms and enhance life quality. Some new therapies might even slow the course of the illness. Cholinesterase inhibitors are medications that reduce cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, such as memory loss, disorientation, altered thought patterns, and issues with judgment. They slow the onset of these symptoms and enhance neural communication throughout the brain. The following cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for bacterial vaginosis (BV).

Galantamine (Razadyne) to treat mild to moderate stages
Rivastigmine (Exelon) to treat mild to moderate stages
Donepezil (Aricept) to treat all stages
Memantine (Namenda), has FDA approval to treat moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease. A combination of memantine and Donepezil (Namzaric) is also available. For people who experience changes in their mood or mental health conditions, doctors may suggest antidepressants or antipsychotics.