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How Contagious is Adenovirus and its symptoms?

February 3, 2023 blogadmin Comments 0 Comment

Human adenoviruses are viruses that can lead to a number of conditions, including pneumonia, acute bronchitis, pink eye, the common cold, and other ailments. Mild or severe disease can be brought on by adenoviruses.

However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) assert that adenovirus-related serious disease is less frequent. Human adenoviruses are viruses that typically affect the upper or lower respiratory tract or the eyes, according to a 2018 review paper.

According to the CDC, adenoviruses can cause a number of diseases, including:

the typical cold
flu-like signs
fever
an upset stomach
chronic bronchitis
pneumonia
Pink eye, or conjunctivitis
acute gastroenteritis and gastrointestinal tract inflammation

There are 49 different forms of adenovirus that can harm people. However, according to a 2020 article, the majority of adenovirus infections are asymptomatic. In other words, those who contract these viruses might not exhibit any symptoms.

There are numerous adenoviruses that can lead to major outbreaks, according to the CDC. These consist of:

three, four, and seven strains of adenovirus, which cause severe respiratory diseases
Adenovirus type 14, which also causes severe respiratory infections, is more common in US military personnel.
Types 8, 19, 37, 53, and 54 of the adenovirus, which can cause extremely contagious conjunctivitis
Adenovirus types 40 and 41, which primarily affect children and cause gastroenteritis

How the adenovirus spreads?

Adenoviruses are common viruses that cause traditional cold-like symptoms that many people get every year.

Adenovirus symptoms typically appear between 2 and 14 days after the initial exposure.

Symptoms of adenovirus infection can include cough, sore throat, bronchitis, diarrhea, pneumonia, and pinkeye. With a healthy immune system, these symptoms are usually mild and pass quickly.

“The adenovirus is typically associated with respiratory infections, as well as gastrointestinal infections,” said Dr. Helena Gutierrez, medical director of the University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children’s Pediatric Liver Transplant Program.

Dr. William Schaffner, an infectious disease expert at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, agrees that adenovirus is quite common and is mostly responsible for outbreaks of pinkeye.

“However, there are also a number of papers that show adenovirus, once it gets into a unit that takes care of immunocompromised patients, can cause more serious outbreaks,” Schaffner said. “They frequently result in pneumonia, and in this case, a number of deaths.”

Despite this recent increase in cases of hepatitis, Schaffner doesn’t believe the general public (or those with a healthy immune system) should be overly concerned. Many cases are mild.

Adenovirus, once it enters a facility that cares for immunocompromised patients, however, can also produce more serious outbreaks, according to a number of articles, Schaffner said. They frequently cause pneumonia and, in this instance, several fatalities.

Schaffner thinks the general public (or those with a healthy immune system) shouldn’t be overly concerned despite the recent rise in hepatitis cases. Many cases are minor ones.

Symptoms of Adenovirus

Various adenovirus types can have different effects on you:

Cough, runny nose, fever, chills, and bronchitis
Colds and other respiratory infections: Swollen glands, runny and stuffy nose, cough, sore throat, and
Coughing up bark, having trouble breathing, and making a high-pitched noise when you breathe in
Ear infection: fever, irritability, and ear pain
Red eyes, discharge from the eyes, crying, and the sensation that something is in your eye are all symptoms of pink eye (conjunctivitis).
Pneumonia: fever, cough, and breathing difficulties
Infections of the stomach and intestines: nausea, vomiting, headaches, fever, and cramping in the stomach
Meningitis and encephalitis can cause swelling of the brain and spinal cord.
nausea, vomiting, stiff neck, fever, and headache (this is rare)
Urinary tract infections: frequent urination, burning and pain, and blood in the urine

Consult your child’s paediatrician if you suspect one of these viruses may be present in them. If a baby under three months old exhibits signs of an adenovirus infection, always call the doctor.

If your child exhibits any of these more severe signs, call the doctor right away:

difficulty breathing
eyes are swollen around them
a fever that persists for several days
Dehydration symptoms, such as fewer tears or fewer wet diapers

Are adenoviruses contagious?

Adenoviruses spread easily. They can quickly spread by:

Close contact: Hand shaking, kissing, and hugging are all ways that the virus can pass from one person to another.
Sneezing and coughing can spread the infection through the air. Sneezes, coughs, and other respiratory discharges can spread to other people through the air.
Objects and surfaces: If you don’t immediately wash your hands after touching a contaminated surface, the virus can enter your body through contact with your eyes, nose, or mouth.
The virus can spread through an infected person’s poop (stool). As an illustration, changing your baby’s diaper can expose you to an infection.
Water: Water that has not been chlorine-treated can help transmit the infection. For instance, if an adenovirus-infected individual swims in a pool without enough chlorine, they can spread the infection. Though uncommon, this kind of spread does exist.

Adenoviruses are immune to a variety of widely used disinfectants. As a result, they can spread disease for a very long time on surfaces.

Furthermore, even after you have recovered from an infection, these viruses can continue to release from your body (shed) for days or even weeks. So even if you are symptom-free, the virus can still spread.

Treatment of Adenovirus

Since antibiotics primarily treat bacterial infections, they cannot treat viral infections. Within a few days, children frequently recover on their own from illnesses. Some diseases, such as pneumonia or pink eye, can persist for a week or longer.

Children with a weakened immune system could require hospital care to aid in their recovery.

To assist your child in feeling better, you can:

Drink a lot of liquids. Children lose fluids due to diarrhoea, vomiting, and fever. Dehydration is a possibility. For kids to stay hydrated, water or 100% fruit juice are the best options. You might also give an electrolyte-containing children’s solution a shot.
Eliminate congestion Help your child to frequently blow their nose. Put a few drops of saline spray or drops into the nostril of an infant. Mucus should then be removed using a bulb syringe.
Turn on a humidifier with cool mist. Your child’s breathing will be made easier thanks to the moisture.
lower the fever. To reduce pain and a fever, ask your doctor if you can give your kid acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Motrin).
Avoid giving children aspirin-containing goods because they may cause Reye syndrome, an uncommon but deadly illness.

Prevention of adenovirus

Making sure that both adults and kids frequently wash their hands is a simple preventative strategy. The best practise is to wash your hands:

during and after the cooking process
prior to eating
touching someone who is vomiting or having diarrhoea both before and after
cutting and wound care before and after
following a bathroom visit
after a diaper change or after assisting someone to the restroom
after sneezing, coughing, or blowing one’s nose
Upon contact with any animal, animal products, or animal waste (such as soiled cat litter),
after handling any trash

If someone has conjunctivitis, they should also refrain from sharing towels or pillows. This is done to stop individuals of the same home from contracting the adenovirus.

REFERENCES:

https://www.healthline.com/health-news/what-is-the-adenovirus
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/adenovirus-infection
https://www.webmd.com/children/adenovirus-infections
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23022-adenovirus

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Bottom line on bronchitis and its various treatment.

February 2, 2023 blogadmin Comments 0 Comment

In people with bronchitis, the airways that connect the mouth, nose, and lungs experience swelling and irritation. A cough, wheezing, and trouble breathing are bronchitis symptoms. Additionally, individuals may struggle to clean their airways of thick mucus or phlegm.

You can have acute or chronic bronchitis. Acute bronchitis typically goes away on its own, but chronic bronchitis persists and never fully heals. Bronchitis can be avoided by not smoking or by quitting altogether.

Symptoms and Types of Bronchitis

You can have acute or chronic bronchitis. If the condition is acute, it only occurs once before a person recovers. Even if it may occasionally get better and worse, if it is chronic, a person must always deal with it.

Both acute and chronic bronchitis have the following symptoms:

a chronic cough that occasionally produces mucous
wheezing
chills and a low fever
a sensation of chest constriction
an upset stomach
bodily pains
breathlessness
headaches
clogged sinuses and nose

If the bronchial tubes take a long time to heal completely, a person with bronchitis may have a cough that lasts for several weeks or even a few months. Chronic bronchitis symptoms can recur frequently. This occurs frequently for many people during the winter.

Nevertheless, bronchitis is not the only illness that results in a cough. A persistent cough could indicate asthma, pneumonia, or a number of other illnesses. For a diagnosis, anyone with a recurrent cough should visit a doctor.

Acute bronchitis

A certain amount of time is required to treat acute bronchitis. It frequently has a similar pattern to a viral infection, such the flu or a cold, and it might be caused by the same virus.

The individual could:

a cough, whether or not it is mucous
chest pain or discomfort
fever
bodily aches and a little headache
breathing difficulty

In most cases, symptoms disappear after a few days or weeks.

Chronic bronchitis

Although chronic bronchitis is a continuing condition, it exhibits symptoms similar to acute bronchitis. According to one definition, someone has chronic bronchitis if they cough productively every day for two or more years in a succession and for at least three months out of the year.

It is classified as a kind of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in which the bronchial tubes create a lot of mucus, according to the National Library of Medicine. Either it stays put or it leaves but keeps returning.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), someone who develops emphysema combined with chronic bronchitis will be given the diagnosis of COPD. A dangerous and maybe fatal condition, this one.

Who does bronchitis affect?

Everyone can get bronchitis, however several factors put you at greater risk:

smoke or spend time with smokers.
have COPD, asthma, or another respiratory disorder.
own GERD (chronic acid reflux).
possess an autoimmune condition or another inflammatory disease.
are nearby air contaminants (like smoke or chemicals).

Diagnosis of bronchitis

A stethoscope will be used by the doctor during the physical examination to listen for any strange sounds coming from the lungs.

They might also inquire of someone about:

their signs, particularly the cough
their medical background
any recent cold or flu symptoms
or not they smoke
exposure to air pollution, dust, fumes, or secondhand smoke

The physician could also:

to check for bacteria or viruses in the lab, obtain a sputum sample.
assess the person’s blood oxygen levels.
suggest a pulmonary lung function test, a chest X-ray, or blood testing

Treatment of bronchitis

A bronchitis patient may be advised by a doctor to:

rest
ingest liquids
ingest over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, like ibuprofen

Taking over-the-counter medication will help you get rid of a cough and any related pain. Acute bronchitis will eventually go away, frequently untreated.

For a period, the signs of chronic bronchitis may go away or get better. But if there is exposure to smoking or other triggers, they will return or get worse again.

Options that could be useful include:

Cough medicine: While medication can offer comfort, especially at night, coughing is still helpful in clearing mucus from the bronchial tubes.
Online retailers sell cough medications.
Honey consumption: Two spoonfuls of honey may help with cough symptoms.
Using a humidifier: It can help to reduce wheezing, increase airflow, and release mucus.
Bronchodilators: These help to remove mucus by widening the bronchial passages.
Mucolytics: These facilitate sputum production by thinning or loosening mucus in the airways.
Steroid and anti-inflammatory medications: These can aid in reducing inflammation, which can lead to tissue damage.
Oxygen therapy: In serious conditions, a person may require additional oxygen to help them breathe easier.

Behavioural cures

The following are additional bronchitis treatment options:

removing, say, a lung irritant by not smoking
strengthening the chest muscles through exercise will aid with breathing
pulmonary rehabilitation improves breathing technique

Breathing exercises like pursed-lip breathing can assist slow breathing down and improve its efficiency.

Antibiotics

A doctor may advise antibiotics if a bacterial infection causes acute bronchitis. In some circumstances, taking antibiotics may also help avoid a secondary illness. However, a person with a virus should not use these medications.

Most medical professionals won’t recommend antibiotics until they know that bacteria are to blame for the patient’s ailment. Antibiotic resistance is one of the causes of this, as excessive antibiotic use makes it more difficult to treat an infection over the long term.

How to prevent pneumonia?

Even though you may not be able to prevent bronchitis, there are certain things you can do to reduce your risk. These consist of:

avoiding irritants such as smoke
obtaining a seasonal influenza vaccine
Using handwashing to stop the transmission of germs
obtaining lots of sleep
eating a balanced diet

REFERENCES:

https://www.healthline.com/health/bronchitis-symptoms
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8888
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bronchitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355566
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3993-bronchitis
https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-bronchitis-basics

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Explore each types of Colitis and its numerous symptoms.

February 2, 2023 blogadmin Comments 0 Comment

When your big intestine becomes inflamed, colitis develops. It can result in discomfort as well as other symptoms like ulcers, bloating, and diarrhoea. Different therapies are needed for various forms of colitis.

Your colon, sometimes referred to as your large intestine, is inflamed when you have colitis. You will have abdominal discomfort and agony if you have colitis. This discomfort could be modest and recurrent over time, or severe and striking out of nowhere.

On the colon’s lining, ulcers can develop in serious situations. These ulcers may bleed, resulting in the production of pus and mucous. There are many different drug options, and doctors can customise the course of treatment to match specific needs.

Types and causes of colitis

Ulcerative colitis

One of two disorders categorised as inflammatory bowel disease is ulcerative colitis (UC). The second is Crohn’s illness. The inner lining of your large intestine becomes inflamed and develops bleeding ulcers as a result of the chronic condition known as UC. Typically, it starts in the rectum and progresses to the colon.

The most typical colitis diagnosis is UC. Experts don’t know why the immune system overreacts to bacteria and other chemicals in the digestive tract, which causes it to happen.

Typical forms of UC include:

Proctosigmoiditis, a condition that affects the rectum and lower colon,
Left-sided ulcerative colitis, which starts from the rectum and affects the left side of the colon.
Having an effect on the entire large intestine, pancolitis

Pseudomembranous colitis

The expansion of the bacterium Clostridium difficile causes pseudomembranous colitis (PC) (C. diff). In the intestine, this type of bacteria is typically present, but because “good” bacteria exist to balance it out, it doesn’t create any issues.

Antibiotics in particular are known to kill beneficial bacteria. This enables C. diff to take control and release inflammatory toxin-producing toxins.

Ischemic colitis

When blood supply to the colon is abruptly cut off or reduced, ischemic colitis (IC) develops. A abrupt blockage may be brought on by blood clots. The most common cause of recurrent IC is atherosclerosis, or the accumulation of fatty deposits in the blood arteries supplying the colon.

This kind of colitis frequently results from underlying diseases. These may consist of:

An inflammatory condition of the blood vessels is called vasculitis.
diabetes
stomach cancer
dehydration
losing blood
heart disease
Blockage or hindrance
injury or trauma

Although it’s uncommon, taking certain medications, including fibrates and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, can cause IC (NSAIDs). To fully comprehend all drugs that might be a contributing component, more research is required.

Microscopic colitis

A physician can only diagnose microscopic colitis by using a microscope to examine a sample of colonic tissue. A doctor will search for inflammation-related indicators, such as white blood cells called lymphocytes.

Occasionally, doctors would divide microscopic colitis into lymphocytic and collagenous colitis. When a large number of lymphocytes are found, a doctor says the patient has lymphhocytic colitis. The tissues and lining of the colon, however, are not abnormally thickened.

Collagenous colitis is a condition in which the outermost layer of tissue of the colon’s lining thickens abnormally as a result of an accumulation of collagen. Doctors are unsure of the specific cause of microscopic colitis. They are aware that certain persons are more susceptible to the disease than others.

People who are more vulnerable are:

habitual smokers
individuals who were born as females
persons who have had an autoimmune disease in the past
those over the age of 50
those who take specific medications, such as some varieties of:
proton pump blockers (PPIs)
inhibitors of selective serotonin reuptake (SSRIs)
Aspirin and other NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications)

The following are the signs and symptoms of microscopic colitis:

persistent diarrhoea
stomach bloating
abdominal pain

Babies with allergic colitis

Infants are susceptible to the disorder known as allergic colitis, which typically appears in the first few months following birth. Infants with the syndrome may have the following symptoms:

reflux
uncontrollable spitting up
fussiness
potential blood specks in a baby’s poop

Doctors are unsure of the specific cause of allergic colitis. One of the most widely accepted explanations is that some components in breast milk cause allergic or hypersensitive reactions in newborns with allergic colitis. A review of papers published in 2020 suggested that formula, cow’s milk, or breast milk protein allergies may be at blame.

Infants with similar symptoms may also develop an allergic colitis called eosinophilic colitis. Similar to that, its causes are unknown, but they are probably connected to a protein allergy.

Symptoms of Colitis

Typically, diarrhoea is ulcerative colitis’s initial sign. Stools becoming gradually looser, and some people may get cramping in their stomachs and have a strong urge to use the restroom.

The onset of diarrhoea may be gradual or abrupt. The degree and spread of inflammation affects the symptoms.

The following list of ulcerative colitis symptoms is common:

abdomen ache
crimson and mucus-filled diarrhoea

Some folks might also go through:

drowsiness or tiredness
slim down
reduced appetite
anaemia
an increased temperature
dehydration
a persistent urge to urinate

Early in the morning is usually when symptoms are worse. Mild or nonexistent symptoms may last for months or years at a time. However, depending on the area of the colon that is afflicted, they frequently come back without therapy.

Risk factors of colitis

Following are a few well-known risk factors for ulcerative colitis:

Age: Although ulcerative colitis can affect anybody, it is more prevalent in people between the ages of 15 and 30.
Ethnicity: White people and persons of Ashkenazi Jewish origin are more likely to develop the illness than other ethnic groups.
Genetics: Although new research has discovered particular genes that may contribute to ulcerative colitis, the relationship is unclear because environmental variables also play a part.

Diagnosis of Colitis

Your symptoms may be frequently asked about by your doctor, along with when they first appeared. The doctor will do a complete physical examination and use diagnostic procedures like:

A flexible tube with a camera is inserted through the anus to see the rectum and colon during a colonoscopy.
Similar to a colonoscopy but only displaying the rectum and lower colon, sigmoidoscopy
stool specimens
scans of the abdomen using MRI or CT technology
ultrasonography, which, depending on the area being examined, can be useful
An X-ray of the colon taken after it has been injected with barium, which improves image clarity, is known as a barium enema.

Treatment of colitis

Treatments, which attempt to lessen symptoms, can differ depending on things like:

a kind of colitis
age
overall state of health

Bowel rest

Limiting your oral intake can be beneficial, especially if you have IC. It could be required to administer fluids and other nutrients intravenously at this time.

Medication

To help you control the symptoms of colitis, your doctor may recommend a number of drugs. These medicines may consist of:

Corticosteroids or 5-aminosalicylates are examples of anti-inflammatory drugs that can be used to alleviate pain and swelling.
immune system suppressants such cyclosporine, azathioprine, or tofacitinib (Xeljanz) (Gengraf, Neoral, Sandimmune)
Biologics like ustekinumab, adalimumab, and infliximab (Remicade) (Stelara)
antibiotics for infection treatment
taking painkillers
antibiotics for diarrhoea
spasmolytic medications
nutritional deficiency supplements

Surgery

Your colon or rectum may be completely or partially removed during surgery for colitis. In the event that other therapies fail, this might be required.

Prevention of colitis

Surgery is the only surefire method of avoiding a flare-up of colitis. You can lessen the likelihood of flare-ups by doing the following if you want to avoid surgery:

To keep note of the things that can make symptoms worse, keep a food journal.
Find out from your doctor whether you should alter how much fibre you consume.
Ask your doctor if eating more frequent, smaller meals will benefit you.
If you can, up your level of activity.
Learn stress-reduction techniques like yoga, meditation, and mindfulness practises.
Always follow the directions on your prescriptions, and let your doctor know if you haven’t.
Make sure your doctor is aware of all of your other prescription and over-the-counter medications, as well as vitamins.

REFERENCES:

https://www.healthline.com/health/colitis
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/163772
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10351-ulcerative-colitis
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ulcerative-colitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353326
https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/ulcerative-colitis/what-is-ulcerative-colitis

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Characteristics of peptic ulcers and its complications.

February 1, 2023 blogadmin Comments 0 Comment

What are peptic ulcers?

If you have open sores in your stomach or upper small intestine, you may have a peptic ulcer. That occurs when the mucus lining your digestive tract’s protective layer is removed by stomach acids. There can be no symptoms, or there might be discomfort or a sharp ache. Internal bleeding brought on by peptic ulcers can occasionally need receiving blood transfusions in a medical facility.

Researchers predict that 8.09% of people worldwide experienced at least one peptic ulcer in 2019; which is a 25% increase since 1990. According to the same study, fewer occurrences have been documented in the US since the first half of the 20th century. Between 1990 and 2019, they started to rise once more.

Peptic ulcers come in three different varieties:

Internal stomach ulcers are referred to as gastric ulcers.
Esophageal ulcers are so named because they appear inside the oesophagus.
Duodenal ulcers are ulcers that form in the duodenum, the upper portion of the small intestine.

Symptoms of peptic ulcers

Peptic ulcers may not show any symptoms at all or they may just produce minor discomfort. Others can feel a stomach ache that is both dull and searing.

Additional signs can include:

meal is tough to swallow
nausea
vomiting
feeling full or bloated
sticky, dark stool (if bleeding)

Ulcers can result in severe symptoms, bleeding, and indications. These are symptoms of an ulcer that is bleeding:

throwing up blood
faeces that are dark crimson in colour or that are black and tarry
nausea and vomiting that is particularly intense and continuous

A medical emergency is indicated by these symptoms. The patient has to see a doctor right away or dial 911.

Causes of peptic ulcers

There are numerous potential causes of peptic ulcers, however the two most frequent ones are as follows:

H. pylori cause ulcers

It is unclear why H. pylori bacteria only cause ulcers in some people, despite the fact that many people naturally carry them. H. pylori spread via water and food. They reside in the mucus that covers the lining of the stomach and duodenum and generate the enzyme urease, which reduces the acidity of stomach acid, neutralising it.

The stomach creates more acid to make up for this, which irritates the stomach lining. Additionally, the germs irritate the stomach and impair its immune system.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause ulcers

NSAIDS are a class of drugs frequently used for headaches, menstrual cramps, and other symptoms. They can also aid in lowering inflammation and fever. Ibuprofen and aspirin are two examples. Many NSAIDs are accessible over-the-counter.

They lessen the stomach’s capacity to produce a thick layer of mucus for protection. As a result, stomach acid has a greater potential to harm Trusted Source. NSAIDs may also hinder blood flow to the stomach, which would hinder the body’s capacity to repair cells.

Other causes of peptic ulcers

Among the additional probable causes of peptic ulcers are:

Genetics: Many people who have peptic ulcers have relatives who also have the condition, indicating that hereditary factors could be at play.
Smoking: It’s possible that people who smoke tobacco frequently have a higher risk of developing peptic ulcers than people who don’t smoke, though it’s unknown how smoking affects peptic ulcers specifically.
Alcohol consumption: Alcohol consumption can aggravate the lining of the stomach and raise acidity.
Use of corticosteroids: Studies have shown that those who use high or ongoing dosages of corticosteroids are also at higher risk.

Studies on the link between stress and an increased risk of ulcers are contradictory, but one study revealed that psychological stress may make peptic ulcers more common in a way that cannot be explained by other factors like NSAID use.

Complications of a peptic ulcer

Ulcers that are left untreated may worsen over time. They may trigger additional, more severe health issues like:

Perforation: An infection results from a hole that forms in the stomach or small intestine lining. A perforated ulcer can cause abrupt, excruciating stomach pain.
Internal bleeding: Because bleeding ulcers can cause severe blood loss, hospitalisation is often necessary. Lightheadedness, wooziness, and dark stools are symptoms of a bleeding ulcer.
Scar tissue: After an accident, thick tissue known as scar tissue forms. Food has a tough time moving through your digestive tract because of this tissue. Vomiting and weight loss are indications that there is scar tissue.

All three issues are significant and might necessitate surgery. If you suffer any of the following symptoms, get emergency medical help right away:

unexpectedly acute abdominal ache
extreme perspiration, fainting, or confusion, as these could be symptoms of shock
blood in the stool or vomit
a difficult-to-touch abdomen
stomach ache that gets better when lying perfectly motionless but gets worse when you move around

Diagnosis of peptic ulcers

During a regular exam, a doctor will frequently become suspicious of a peptic ulcer due to a patient’s description of their symptoms.

The following tests can support a diagnosis:

an H. pylori blood test, while a positive result does not usually indicate a current infection
a breath test that detects H. pylori using a radioactive carbon atom.
a stool antigen examination to find H. pylori in the stools
using a GI (upper gastrointestinal) X-ray) to look for ulcers

The most popular device used by doctors to make diagnoses is Upper endoscopy or esophagogastroduodenoscopy. In order to check for the presence of an ulcer in the stomach and upper intestine, a tube must be inserted through the mouth.

The doctor may take a biopsy (a small sample of tissue) to be examined under a microscope if the test reveals an ulcer. A biopsy can check for cancerous tissue and test for H. pylori. A second endoscopy may be required a few months later to check on the ulcer’s progress.

Treatment of peptic ulcers

The goal of treatment will be to either completely eradicate the H. pylori infection or reduce stomach acid levels to allow the ulcer to heal. The following are typical treatments that a doctor might suggest:

Antisecretory substances. To help reduce the production of stomach acid, these include proton pump inhibitors and H2 receptor antagonists.
Triple treatment. To get rid of H. pylori, two antibiotics plus a proton pump inhibitor are used.
Staying away from NSAIDs. If someone regularly uses NSAIDs, doctors advise against using them.
Surgery. A doctor may advise surgery in cases of bleeding, with an average recovery time of 8 to 12 weeks.

REFERENCES:

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Lets Explore the types of Cardiomyopathy and its treatment.

February 1, 2023 blogadmin Comments 0 Comment

Cardiomyopathy is a condition that affects the heart muscle that gets worse with time and can be fatal. As the heart muscle ages, it becomes less effective in pumping blood.

Cardiomyopathy can be brought on by a genetic trait that is inherited or it can develop as a result of a number of different medical disorders, including heart disease, hyperthyroidism, or alcohol abuse.

Weakness, lightheadedness, shortness of breath, elevated blood pressure, and fluid retention, or edoema, are among the symptoms. Cardiomyopathy can be treated with lifestyle modifications, medicines, and surgery.

Cardiomyopathy is a condition that progressively affects the heart muscle, or myocardium. The heart muscle typically weakens and becomes less capable of properly pumping blood to the rest of the body.

Cardiomyopathy comes in a variety of forms and is brought on by a number of conditions and medications, including coronary heart disease. Heart failure, an irregular pulse, and other consequences can result from cardiomyopathy.

It’s crucial to receive medical care and continue receiving it. They can lessen the risk of heart disease or heart failure.

Types of Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy comes in a variety of forms, including the following:

Dilated

Heart palpitations and shortness of breath are two symptoms of cardiomyopathy. The most prevalent type of the condition is dilated cardiomyopathy. Adults between the ages of 20 and 60 are the typical victims.

Although the disease frequently begins in the left ventricle, it can later spread to the right ventricle as well. Additionally, the atria’s structure and operation might be impacted by dilated cardiomyopathy.

Hypertrophic

A hereditary disorder known as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes the heart muscle fibres to develop abnormally, thickening or “hypertrophying” as a result. The thickening restricts blood flow and stiffens the heart’s chambers. Additionally, it may raise the chance of electrical disturbances, called arrhythmias.

It is the second most prevalent kind of cardiomyopathy in children, according to the Children’s Cardiomyopathy Foundation. Before the age of one year, a diagnosis is made in around one-third of the affected children.

Restrictive

When the tissues in the ventricles stiffen and cannot properly fill with blood, restrictive cardiomyopathy develops. It might eventually result in cardiac failure. It is more prevalent in elderly persons and may be brought on by infiltrative disorders, such as amyloidosis, which involve the buildup of aberrant substances in physiological tissues.

Arrhythmogenic

In arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, the healthy tissues of the right ventricle are replaced by fibrotic and fatty tissue, which may lead to irregular heart beats. This procedure may occasionally take place in the left ventricle as well.

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy increases the risk of sudden cardiac mortality, particularly in young individuals and sports, according to study published in the journal Circulation Research. It is a genetic inherited disorder.

Other types of cardiomyopathy

The majority of the following forms of cardiomyopathy fall under one of the previous four categories, however each has different causes or side effects:

Peripartum cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy peripartum can happen before, during, or after pregnancy. This uncommon kind happens in the final month of pregnancy or within five months after delivery when the heart weakens. Postpartum cardiomyopathy is the term sometimes used to describe it after delivery. This dilated cardiomyopathy variant poses a serious risk to life. One instance raises your chances for subsequent pregnancies.

Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is caused by consuming excessive amounts of alcohol over time, which can weaken your heart and make it less effective at pumping blood. Additionally, your heart may grow. It’s a type of dilated .cardiomyopathy

Ischemic cardiomyopathy. Ischemic cardiomyopathy happens when coronary artery disease prevents your heart from pumping blood to the rest of your body. Heart muscle blood vessels constrict and become clogged. The cardiac muscle cannot receive oxygen as a result. The most common cause of heart failure is ischemic cardiomyopathy. Alternatively, any form of cardiomyopathy that is unrelated to coronary artery disease is referred to as nonischemic cardiomyopathy.

Noncompaction cardiomyopathy. The medical term for this is spongiform cardiomyopathy. It is a rare condition that manifests at birth and is brought on by faulty heart muscle development during pregnancy. Any stage of life may experience a diagnosis.

Pediatric cardiomyopathy. Pediatric cardiomyopathy is the term used to describe cardiomyopathy that affects children.

Idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Idiopathic cardiomyopathy indicates the reason is unknown.

Symptoms of cardiomyopathy

Early on in the development of cardiomyopathy, there may be neither indications nor symptoms. However, when the illness worsens, several indications and symptoms, such as:

a lack of breath during exercise or even while at rest
Legs, ankles, and feet swelling
abdominal bloating brought on by a fluid buildup
Cough when seated
difficulty falling asleep flat
Fatigue
fast, hammering, or fluttering heartbeats
chest pressure or discomfort
Unsteadiness, fainting, and dizziness

If not treated, symptoms and signs frequently worsen. It depends on the individual whether the illness becomes worse swiftly or gradually.

Causes and risk factors

There are certain well-established risk factors for cardiomyopathy, albeit its exact aetiology is not always known. For instance, disorders that cause the heart to inflame or sustain damage can raise a person’s risk of cardiomyopathy.

Cardiomyopathy can also be brought on by heart failure, which can happen as a result of a heart attack or other medical issues.

Additional risk elements consist of:

a history of cardiomyopathy, sudden cardiac death, or heart illness in the family
blood pressure is high.
cardiovascular disease
The diseases sarcoidosis and amyloidosis, which can harm the heart
viruses that affect the heart
diabetes
drinking disorder

After giving birth, certain women may be at an increased risk for cardiomyopathy.

Research from 2016 indicates, cardiomyopathy risk is also increased by HIV and HIV therapies. Heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy in particular are risks that are increased by HIV.

Talk to your doctor if you have HIV about obtaining frequent testing to monitor the condition of your heart. Additionally, you ought to make an effort to maintain an active and heart-healthy diet.

Diagnosis of cardiomyopathy

To confirm cardiomyopathy, doctors will do a physical examination and diagnostic procedures. They may employ one or more of the diagnostic tests listed below:

Chest X-ray: A chest X-ray can assist diagnose some medical disorders by revealing whether the heart has enlarged.
Electrocardiogram (EKG): A heart’s electrical activity, including how quickly it beats, is measured by an electrocardiogram (EKG). Additionally, it demonstrates if the heart rhythm is normal or irregular.
Echocardiogram: An echocardiogram produces a moving image of the heart using sound waves. It displays the heart’s size and shape.
Cardiac catheterization: This procedure examines the blood flow through the heart’s chambers.

How is cardiomyopathy treated?

Treatment for cardiomyopathy focuses on controlling your symptoms. The course of the disease is also slowed by treatment. You will get routine examinations to monitor the condition of your heart.

Your healthcare provider might advise:

Medication: Heart drugs can increase blood flow, address underlying issues, or manage symptoms. You may use beta blockers like propranolol (Inderal), blood thinners like warfarin (Coumadin), or drugs to decrease cholesterol.

Arrhythmia-treating equipment: Pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are used to treat erratic heartbeats. Your heartbeat is monitored by these gadgets. When an arrhythmia begins, they send electrical impulses to your heart.

Devices that improve blood flow: Some gadgets make your heart’s blood-pumping process more effective. Devices used in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) regulate the heart’s left and right side contractions. Your heart is assisted in pumping blood with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD).

Surgery: Your doctor might advise heart surgery if you have serious symptoms or underlying heart issues. Open heart surgery or a heart transplant are typically only suggested by healthcare professionals after all other options have failed to provide relief.

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Important parameters of Cervical cancer women need to know.

January 31, 2023 blogadmin Comments 0 Comment

What Is Cervical Cancer?

Women’s cervix, which connects the uterus and vagina, is where cervical cancer develops when cells in the cervix alter. The deeper tissues of their cervix may be affected by this cancer, and it has the potential to metastasis (spread to other parts of the body), most frequently the lungs, liver, bladder, vagina, and rectum.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, which is avoidable with a vaccine, is the main cause of cervical cancer. Since cervical cancer develops slowly, it is typically detectable and treatable before it poses a major threat. Thanks to better screening through Pap tests, it claims fewer and fewer lives of women every year.

The majority of cases are women between the ages of 35 and 44. However, women over 65 make up more than 15% of new cases, particularly those who haven’t been undergoing routine exams.

Different Types of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer comes in several different forms.

Squamous cell carcinoma. This develops in your cervix’s lining. Up to 90% of cases have it.
Adenocarcinoma. This develops in the mucus-producing cells.
Mixed cancercarcinoma. This possesses traits from the other two categories.

Cervical cancer stages

Your doctor will determine the stage of your cancer after a diagnosis has been made. The stage reveals if and how far the cancer has spread if it has. Your doctor can identify the best course of treatment for you by staging your cancer.

There are four phases of cervical cancer:

Stage 1: A little cancer. There’s a chance the lymph nodes were affected. It hasn’t spread to other body areas.
Stage 2: The tumour has grown. It can have reached the lymph nodes or spread beyond the uterus and cervix. It hasn’t yet spread to other areas of your body.
Stage 3: The malignancy has gone to the pelvic or the lower vagina. The ureters, which are tubes that transfer urine from the kidneys to the bladder, may be blocked as a result. It hasn’t spread to other body areas.
Stage 4: The cancer may have spread to other organs, such as your lungs, bones, or liver, from the pelvis.

Signs and symptoms of cervical cancer

Early stages of cervical cancer are typically difficult to diagnose because they lack symptoms. It may take several years before cervical cancer symptoms appear. The greatest strategy to prevent cervical cancer is to find abnormal cells during testing for the disease.

Stage 1 cervical cancer symptoms and signs might include:

Vaginal discharge that is either bloody or watery, may be heavy, and may smell bad.
Vaginal bleeding following sex, in between cycles, or following menopause.
Periods of menstruation could be heavier and longer than usual.

Symptoms of cancer that has spread to adjacent tissues or organs include:

urination that is painful or difficult, occasionally with blood in the pee.
diarrhoea, abdominal pain, or bleeding when you poop.
fatigue, weight loss, and appetite loss
a state of general disease
a dull backache or leg swelling.
abdominal and pelvic pain

You should have a comprehensive gynaecological exam, which includes a Pap test, if you suffer abnormal bleeding, vaginal discharge, or any other unexplained symptoms.

Cervical cancer causes

The sexually transmitted human papillomavirus is the primary factor in most occurrences of cervical cancer (HPV). Genital warts are brought on by the same virus.

There are over 100 distinct HPV strains. Cervical cancer is only caused by specific types. HPV-16 and HPV-18 are the two strains that cause cancer the most frequently.

Cervical cancer is not a guarantee even if you have an HPV cancer-causing strain. Most HPV infections are cleared up by your immune system, frequently within two years.

In both men and women, HPV can lead to other malignancies. These consist of:

vulvar cancer
vaginal cancer
penile cancer
anal cancer
rectal cancer
throat cancer

Cervical cancer risk factors

The greatest risk factor for cervical cancer is HPV. Additional elements that may raise your risk include:

HIV
chlamydia
smoking
obesity
a history of cervical cancer in the family
consuming little fruit and veg
using contraceptive tablets
being pregnant three times at term
being under the age of 17 when you first became pregnant

You are not destined to develop cervical cancer even if you have one or more of these risk factors.

How is cervical cancer treated?

One member of the team treating cervical cancer is a gynecologic oncologist (a doctor who specialises in cancers of female reproductive organs). The stage of the disease, your age and general health, and whether or not you intend to have children in the future all play a role in the recommended course of therapy for cervical cancer.

Radiation, chemotherapy, surgery, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy are all options for treating cervical cancer.

Radiation Therapy

Your cervix’s cancerous cells are destroyed by energy beams used in radiation therapy. Radiation therapy is available in two different forms:

External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) uses a machine outside the body to direct powerful radiation towards tumours.
Radiation is applied directly to or near a malignancy during brachytherapy.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy (chemo) kills cancer cells by administering medications by injection into your veins or oral ingestion. It enters your circulation and kills cells effectively throughout your body. Chemotherapy uses a variety of medications, some of which can be combined. Cycles of chemotherapy are frequently administered.

Surgery

Cervical cancer is treated with a variety of surgical procedures. The most typical procedures used to treat cervical cancer include:

Laser procedure
conical biopsy
an easy hysterectomy
Trachelectomy
Pelvic enlargement
Targeted treatment

Specific cancer cells are eliminated by targeted medication therapy without harming healthy cells. It functions by focusing on proteins that regulate how cancer cells proliferate and spread.

Immunotherapy

In immunotherapy, drugs are used to activate your immune system’s capacity to detect and eliminate cancer cells. Cancer cells can also signal to avoid being attacked by your immune system. Targeting these signals with immunotherapy makes it so cancer cells can’t deceive your body into believing they are healthy cells.

Clinical trials are yet another form of treatment. Some people supplement their cancer therapy with complementary therapies like nutrition, herbs, acupuncture, and other practises. Speak with your healthcare practitioner about alternative practises that promise to lessen the symptoms of cancer. Some may be beneficial, while others may be dangerous.

Cervical cancer prevention

Screening with a Pap smear or a hrHPV test on a regular basis is one of the simplest strategies to avoid cervical cancer. Precancerous cells are detected during screening so they can be treated before they progress to malignancy.

Most occurrences of cervical cancer are caused by HPV infection. With the help of the vaccines Gardasil and Cervarix, the illness can be avoided. The best time for vaccination is before a person starts acting sexually. Boys and girls can both receive the HPV vaccine.

You can lessen your risk of HPV and cervical cancer by doing the following additional things:

Do not have too many sexual partners.
When engaging in vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse, you should always use a condom or another barrier device.

You may have precancerous cells in your cervix if your Pap smear results are abnormal.

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Expert note on causes of teeth sensitivity & its treatment.

January 31, 2023 blogadmin Comments 0 Comment

When you have sensitive teeth, it can occasionally be uncomfortable to eat and drink. However, certain natural therapies might help lessen tooth sensitivity.

The condition of sensitive teeth is frequent and curable. One in eight patients who went to dental offices had sensitive teeth, according to a 2013 research.

What is Teeth Sensitivity?

Dentin hypersensitivity, also known as tooth sensitivity, is what it means like. The teeth that become painful or uncomfortable in reaction to particular stimuli, such as hot or cold temperatures, causes sensitivity.

It can affect one tooth, many teeth, or all of the teeth in one person, and it can be a short-term or long-term issue. While sensitive teeth might have a variety of causes, the majority of them can be readily remedied by altering your oral hygiene routine.

Symptoms of sensitive teeth

People who have sensitive teeth may feel pain or discomfort when certain triggers are present. This discomfort may be felt at the tooth roots of the troubled teeth. Among the most typical triggers are:

piping hot food and drink
chilly foods and drinks
chilly air
sweet dishes and drinks
sour foods and drinks
especially while performing routine dental cleanings, cold water
flossing or brushing your teeth
Alcoholic mouthwashes

Over time, your symptoms could fluctuate without any apparent cause. They could be light or strong.

What causes tooth sensitivity?

The occurrence of sensitive teeth can be caused by a variety of circumstances, such as:

Brushing too strongly:

Over time, vigorous brushing or the use of a toothbrush with a firm bristle can wear down the enamel and expose the dentin. It might also result in gum recession (when your gum tissue pulls away from your teeth).

Gum recession:

Some individuals have thin gum tissue as a genetic predisposition. Periodontal disease also causes gum recession in other people. Gum recession occurs when the gum line recedes from the teeth, exposing the roots.

Gum disease:

Inflamed and painful gum tissue may result in sensitivity because the ligaments that hold the gums in place have been removed, exposing the root surface that directly connects to the tooth’s nerve.

Cracked teeth:

Broken or chipped teeth may allow plaque-containing germs to enter the pulp and cause irritation.

Grinding or clenching:

Doing this to your teeth can wear away the enamel and reveal the dentin beneath.

Products for teeth whitening:

These products are a main cause of tooth discomfort. Speak to a dentist about teeth whitening for sensitive teeth if you wish to improve your smile.

Age:

Between the ages of 25 and 30, teeth sensitivity is at its peak.

Plaque accumulation:

Root surface sensitivity may be brought on by the presence of plaque.

Use of mouthwash:

If you have exposed dentin, several over-the-counter mouthwashes include acids that might exacerbate tooth sensitivity (the middle layer of the tooth). The dentin layer of the tooth is further harmed by the acids. Consult your dentist about using a neutral fluoride solution if you experience dentin sensitivity.

Acidic foods:

Erosive enamel can result from routinely consuming foods with a high acid content, such as citrus fruits, tomatoes, pickles, and tea.

Recent dental procedures:

Following fillings, teeth cleanings, and dental restoration placement, patients may experience sensitive teeth. Dental procedure-related sensitivity is transient and often goes away in four to six weeks.

Sensitive teeth diagnosis

Make an appointment with your dentist if this is the first time you’ve noticed tooth sensitivity. You may make a dental appointment with a professional in your neighbourhood. They can examine the condition of your teeth and search for any issues that might be causing the discomfort, such as cavities, loose fillings, or receded gums.

During your regular teeth cleaning, your dentist can perform this. They’ll perform a visual inspection and clean your teeth. They might use dental tools to gently touch your teeth to check for sensitivity, and they might also request an X-ray to rule out other possibilities like cavities.

Treatment of teeth sensitivity

Your dentist can employ a variety of techniques to reduce your discomfort once the issue has been identified, including:

toothpaste for teeth that are sensitive
The fluoride gel
coverings for exposed roots
Sealants
You can purchase desensitising pastes from your dentist (not to be used with a toothbrush).
If you grind your teeth, wear a mouthguard.
A root canal may be recommended by your dentist if your condition is serious.

Additionally, it’s critical to avoid avoiding dental care due to tooth pain. Ignoring your teeth can exacerbate the situation. Twice-daily brushing and flossing will maintain your smile healthy and pain-free. Additionally, go to the dentist twice a year for a checkup.

Prevention tips for sensitive teeth

People can lessen tooth sensitivity and safeguard their tooth enamel by:

using a fluoride toothpaste to wash your teeth twice a day
once daily flossing
taking pauses from tooth whitening
minimising intake of foods that are high in sugar, carbohydrates, and acids
reducing alcohol consumption
using a mouthguard at night to avoid clenching and grinding
regular dental visits
giving up smoking

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Quick peek of study in the Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT).

January 30, 2023 blogadmin Comments 0 Comment

Blood clots commonly form in a deep vein in the leg, which is where deep vein thrombosis occurs. The disorder can also affect pelvic veins in addition to leg veins. The condition known as venous thromboembolism includes the conditions of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).

A medical emergency is DVT. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 10–30% of persons with DVT in the leg die within a month of their diagnosis due to severe consequences.

What is Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?

Blood clotting known as DVT occurs in deep veins, frequently in the pelvis or leg. Doctors refer to a thrombus or blood clot breaking off as an embolus. A PE can develop if emboli reach the lung.

As in the case of those who have Paget-Schotter illness, clots can also form in the arm veins. DVT is the most frequent reason for maternal death in the industrialised world, according to a 2017 analysis.

DVT in children is incredibly uncommon. The most recent statistics, according to a 2016 study, indicate that 0.30 of every 100,000 children under the age of nine and 0.64 of every 100,000 children between the ages of 10 and 19 get DVT.

DVT symptoms

Only about half of DVT patients, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), experience symptoms. Typical DVT signs include:

swelling on one side of your leg, ankle, or foot
cramping pain, which typically starts in the calf, in the affected leg.
acute, irrational foot and ankle pain
a patch of skin that feels warmer than the rest of the body
depending on skin tone, the skin over the affected area becomes pale, reddish, or bluish in hue.

People who have an arm blood clot or an upper extremity DVT may not exhibit any symptoms. If they do, typical signs include:

a stiff neck
shoulders hurt
the hand or arm swelling
deeper or bluer tinge to the skin
from the arm to the forearm moving discomfort
fragility in the hand

It’s possible for someone to discover they have DVT only after receiving emergency care for a pulmonary embolism (blood clot in the lung).

A DVT clot that has entered the lung from the arm or leg may cause a pulmonary embolism. It is life threatening and necessitates immediate medical attention when an artery in the lung becomes blocked.

Causes and risk factors

A blood clot is the root cause of DVT. The clot prevents blood from flowing through a vein and into your body normally. Various things can cause a DVT or raise the chance of getting one.

They consist of:

Injury: Blood flow can be restricted or blocked when a blood vessel’s wall is damaged. As a result, a blood clot may develop.
Surgery: Blood vessels may be harmed during surgery, which may cause a blood clot to form. Following surgery, bed rest with minimal to no activity may potentially raise your chance of developing a blood clot.
Reduced mobility or inactivity: Blood can accumulate in your legs, especially the lower ones, when you sit regularly, such on a lengthy flight. The blood circulation in your legs may dwindle if you are immobile for a lengthy amount of time. This may lead to the formation of a clot.
A few drugs: Some medications make it more likely for your blood to clot. These include antidepressants, glucocorticoids, hormone treatment medications, and birth control pills.
Age: DVT can occur at any age, however it is more common as people get older. DVT only occurs in 1 in 10,000 people under the age of 20, whereas it occurs in 1 in 100 people beyond the age of 80.
Trauma: A blood clot may form as a result of a wound that weakens your veins, such as a bone fracture.
Obesity. Being overweight might increase strain on the veins in your pelvis and legs.
Pregnancy: DVT risk is higher during pregnancy. Actually, compared to non-pregnant people, pregnant people have a 5–10 times higher risk of developing DVT.
Family history: If you have DVT, you may be more prone to get it.
Catheter: Inserting a catheter into a vein can make it more likely for a blood clot to form.
Smoking: This is linked to an increased risk of DVT.

Additionally, a number of other medical disorders can raise the risk of DVT.

These consist of

inflammation of the colon
Blood clotting diseases
high blood pressure and heart failure are cardiac issues
sepsis
Cancer
Tuberculosis, Covid-19, and other viral or bacterial diseases
asthma
sleep apnea
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
diabetes

Complications of DVT

Pulmonary embolism is one of the main side effects of DVT. If a blood clot travels to your lungs and clogs a blood vessel, you could have a pulmonary embolism.

Your lungs and other organs could suffer severe harm as a result. Immediately seek medical attention if you experience any pulmonary embolism symptoms. These indicators include:

dizziness
sweating
coughing or taking big breaths causes chest pain that intensifies
quickly breathing
spitting blood
quick heartbeat

Treatments of DVT

Some DVT sufferers may require inpatient treatment. Others might be eligible for outpatient care.

Compression stockings, elevating the affected leg(s) during the day, and taking anticoagulant drugs (blood thinners) are all forms of treatment. In rare instances, intrusive therapies (catheter-based procedures) may be necessary when the DVT is severe.

The main objectives of treatment include:

Ensure that the clot doesn’t spread or include other veins.
Avoid having a venous clot fragment escape and travel to your lungs.
reduce the possibility of a new blood clot.
Prevent long-term complications from the blood clot (like chronic venous insufficiency).

Prevention of DVT

Many required modifications are included into a healthy lifestyle to stop blood clots from forming. This entails increasing physical activity, giving up smoking, and maintaining a healthy weight. Your risk of developing DVT can also be decreased by:

control of blood pressure
quitting smoking
keeping a healthy weight

In order to reduce your risk of getting clots following surgery, take whatever blood thinners your doctor recommends. When you sit for longer than four hours, your chance of getting DVT increases.

When you’ve been sitting for a while, moving your legs around will also keep your blood circulating. After being confined to bed, getting up and moving around can stop clots from developing. During long travels, get out of the vehicle and take regular breaks to stretch.

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Get liberty from painful and frustating frozen shoulder.

January 30, 2023 blogadmin Comments 0 Comment

The shoulder stiffens and loses mobility as a result of the common condition known as frozen shoulder. Additionally called sticky capsulitis.

Although these two illnesses are unrelated, the term “frozen shoulder” is sometimes used improperly to refer to arthritis. Arthritis can apply to one or more joints, whereas frozen shoulder particularly refers to the shoulder joint.

It often affects adults between the ages of 40 and 60, and women are more prone to develop it than males. About 3% of persons are thought to be affected. One or both shoulders may be impacted.

Three bones that make up your shoulder connect together in a ball and socket fashion. They are your collarbone, shoulder blade, and upper arm (humerus) (clavicle). Additionally, the tissue that surrounds your shoulder joint holds everything in place. The shoulder capsule is what we refer to as.

When a shoulder is frozen, the capsule grows to be extremely thick and rigid. Bands of scar tissue develop, and the synovial fluid needed to keep the joint lubricated is reduced. These things further restrict motion.

Symptoms of frozen shoulder

The major signs of a frozen shoulder are pain and stiffness, which make moving it challenging or impossible.

You’ll probably have a dull or aching pain in one shoulder if you have frozen shoulder. The shoulder muscles that surround the top of your arm may also be painful. Your upper arm can have the similar sensation. It might be difficult to fall asleep at night if your pain gets severe.

Typically, a frozen shoulder will go through three stages. Each has its own own timing and set of symptoms.

Freezing phase:

Every time you move your shoulder, a pain (sometimes quite intense) develops there.
Over time, it gradually grows worse and could hurt more at night.
This may last for six to nine months.
Your shoulder’s range of motion is constrained.

Frozen stage:

Although your pain may lessen, your stiffness will only get worse.
It gets increasingly challenging to move your shoulder and more challenging to carry out normal tasks.
4 to 12 months are possible during this stage.

Thawing phase:

You begin to regain your normal range of motion.
It could take anywhere from six months to two years to complete.

Causes of Frozen shoulders

Three bones make up the shoulder: the humerus, which is the upper arm bone, the collarbone, and the shoulder blade. A ball and socket joint is present in the shoulder. The upper arm bone’s rounded head slides into this socket.

The shoulder capsule is a band of connective tissue that encircles the joint. The joint can move freely thanks to synovial fluid.

The formation of scar tissue in the shoulder is hypothesised to cause frozen shoulder. As a result, there is less movement possible due to the capsule of the shoulder joint becoming thicker and more rigid. It could become unpleasant and stiff to move.

The actual cause is not always known and cannot always be determined. But the majority of those who have frozen shoulder have been immobile recently due to an accident or fracture. Patients with diabetes frequently experience the condition.

Who is at risk?

Adults, typically between the ages of 40 and Adults, typically between the ages of 40 and 60.
Gender: More prevalent in women than in men.
Recent shoulder injury: Any operation or damage to the shoulder that necessitates immobilisation (by using a shoulder brace, sling, shoulder wrap, etc.). A rotator cuff tear and fractures of the shoulder blade, collarbone, or upper arm are two examples.
Diabetes: Frozen shoulder affects between 10 and 20 percent of those with diabetes mellitus.
Stroke, hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid gland), hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid gland), Parkinson’s disease, and heart disease are among the other illnesses and ailments. Because a stroke may impede arm and shoulder movement, it is a risk factor for frozen shoulder. The risk of having a frozen shoulder is higher in certain illnesses and circumstances is not clear.

How is frozen shoulder diagnosed?

In order to identify frozen shoulder, your doctor will:

Review your medical history and talk about your symptoms.
Examine your shoulders and arms physically:
- Your shoulder will be moved in all directions by the doctor to determine its range of motion and whether it hurts when you move it. Finding your “passive range of motion” involves an examination in which your doctor moves your arm rather than you.
- In order to determine your “active range of motion,” the doctor will also watch you move your shoulder. The two motions are contrasted. The range of motion for those who have frozen shoulders is constrained, both actively and passively.
In order to confirm that another shoulder issue, like arthritis, is not the source of the symptoms, normal shoulder X-rays are also taken. In most cases, frozen shoulder can be diagnosed without the use of sophisticated imaging techniques like ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). They might be examined to rule out other issues, like a torn rotator cuff.

Treatments for frozen shoulder

Until the early phase has passed, treatment typically consists of pain management techniques. If the issue continues, rehabilitation and surgery can be required to restore motion if it doesn’t happen naturally.

Several straightforward remedies are:

Compresses, both hot and cold. These aid in reducing swelling and pain.
Medications that lessen swelling and pain. These include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs), which include acetaminophen (Tylenol®) and ibuprofen (Advil®, Motrin®). Your doctor might also recommend more painkillers and anti-inflammatory medications. Injections of steroids may be used to treat more severe pain and edoema. Direct injection of a corticosteroid, such as cortisone, into the shoulder joint.
Physical treatment. Exercises for stretching and range of motion given by a physical therapist.
Exercise regime at home. Maintain your home workout routine.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Using a tiny battery-powered device to block nerve impulses and so lessen pain.

After roughly a year of testing, if these straightforward treatments haven’t reduced discomfort and shoulder stiffness, alternative techniques may be explored. These comprise:

Anesthesia-induced manipulation: During this procedure, your doctor will make your shoulder move by forcibly sedated you. As a result, the joint capsule will either stretch or rip, releasing the tension. The range of motion will consequently grow.
During a shoulder arthroscopy, your doctor will make incisions through your joint capsule’s tight spots (capsular release). Your shoulder is sliced in small places, and tiny pencil-sized instruments are implanted.

For better outcomes, these two techniques are frequently combined.

Can frozen shoulder be prevented?

Physical therapy should be started as soon as possible following any shoulder injury that causes painful or problematic shoulder movement in order to prevent or at least reduce the likelihood of developing a frozen shoulder. An exercise regimen can be created by your physical therapist or orthopaedic physician to suit your individual requirements.

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Important note on gum diseases and its treatment.

January 28, 2023 blogadmin Comments 0 Comment

A non-destructive form of periodontal disease is gingivitis. This condition is sometimes referred to as gum disease. Early gum disease known as gingivitis often has minimal symptoms.

The main forms of gingivitis are two. Dental plaque buildup irritates the gums, causing swelling, discolouration, and pain. This condition is known as plaque-induced gingivitis.

In contrast, bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can cause non-plaque-induced gingival lesions. This kind of gingivitis can also be brought on by infections, allergies, and reactions to foreign objects like dentures.

If either kind of gingivitis is not appropriately treated, it might develop into periodontitis. A more serious condition, periodontitis, can cause additional problems, like tooth loss.

Types of gum infections

In most cases, tooth plaque buildup is what causes gingivitis. Inadequate dental hygiene is only one of several potential contributing variables, which also include:

a few drugs, including oral or injectable birth control, cyclosporine, calcium channel blockers, and phenytoin (these medications can cause gingivitis or make it worse because they can lead to an overgrowth of gum tissue and make plaque hard to remove)
severe vitamin C deficiency (this is rare in the United States)
hormonal changes, such as those that occur during pregnancy and menopause
leukaemia
nickel, a hefty metal that is used in various jewellery
exposure to bismuth, a substance present in several cosmetics

Some gum infections that result in gingivitis are unrelated to plaque accumulation. These consist of:

some viral or fungal illnesses, like thrush
a tooth that is impacted, or one that doesn’t fully emerge (if this happens, the flap of gum over the tooth can trap debris and cause gingivitis)

What causes gingivitis?

In contrast to what we see, your gums actually join your teeth at a place below the gum line. This creates a little void known as a sulcus. An accumulation of food and plaque in this area might result in gingivitis or a gum infection.

Bacterial thin film is known as plaque. It continuously develops on your teeth’s surface. Tartar develops as plaque hardens over time. Plaque that penetrates below the gum line might cause gum infection.

Gingivitis can cause the gums to split from the teeth if it is not treated. This may lead to:

harm to the teeth’s supporting bone and soft tissue
the tooth to become fragile and loose
the tooth’s eventual loss if the illness spreads

Risk factors for gingivitis

Risk factors for gingivitis and periodontitis include the following:

Using tobacco to smoke or chew
diabetes
several drugs, including:
- oral conceiving pills
- steroids
- anticonvulsants
- blockers of calcium channels
- chemotherapy
Uneven teeth
an inadequate fit for dental appliances
faulty fillings
pregnancy
genetic influences
weakened immunity, such as that caused by HIV

Symptoms of gingivitis and periodontitis

The majority of people are unaware they have gum disease. Gingivitis can exist without showing any symptoms. However, the following signs of gum disease can occur:

Symptoms of red, painful, or swollen gums
bleeding gums during tooth brushing or flossing
gums that are no longer attached to your teeth
tooth decay
a modification in the way your teeth bite together (malocclusion)
pus between the gums and teeth
difficulty chewing
vulnerable teeth
no longer fitting partial dentures
bad breath that persists even after brushing your teeth

How is Gum disease diagnosed?

Your gums will be prodded with a small ruler during a dental examination.

By probing, you can examine the area for inflammation.
Any pockets around your teeth are measured. 1 to 3 millimetres is a normal depth.
X-rays may also be requested by your dentist to check for bone loss.

Discuss your symptoms and the causes of your gum disease with your dentist. This could be used to identify gingivitis. If gingivitis is present, a periodontist may be consulted. A dentist who focuses on the treatment of gum disorders is known as a periodontist.

How is gingivitis treated?

To treat gingivitis, you must maintain good oral hygiene. Additionally, if you smoke, you should reduce your intake, and if you have diabetes, you should take care of it. Even though giving up smoking can be challenging, a doctor can assist you in creating a strategy that will work for you.

Other therapies comprise:

dental hygiene routine
antibacterial drugs
surgery
brushing teeth

Numerous methods can be utilised to thoroughly clean your teeth without surgery. To avoid causing gum inflammation, they all eliminate plaque and tartar:

Scaling. Tartar from both above and below the gum line is removed by teeth scaling.
Root thinning. By doing so, the root surface’s rough patches are smoothed down and plaque and tartar are removed.
Lasers. In comparison to scaling and root planing, this procedure may eliminate tartar with less discomfort and blood.

Medications

Gum disease can be treated with a variety of drugs:

Chlorhexidine-containing antiseptic mouthwash can be used to clean your mouth.
After root planning, pockets can be filled with timed-release antiseptic antiseptic chips containing chlorhexidine.
After scaling and planing, antibiotic microspheres produced with minocycline can be placed into pockets.
Inflammation of the gums that persists can be treated with oral antibiotics.
An antibiotic called doxycycline helps prevent enzymes from harming teeth.

Surgery

You may require surgery if your gingivitis is severe, especially if it has led to any bone or gum tissue loss. A periodontist can perform several different kinds of gum surgery, including:

flap surgery During a flap surgery, the gums are pulled back and tartar and plaque are removed from deeper places. The gums are then positioned around the tooth and secured with sutures.
tissue and bone transplants. When your teeth and jaw are too damaged to repair, grafting may be necessary.
- To conceal the exposed tooth root, gum graft surgery takes tissue from your mouth’s roof. This lessens further bone and gum deterioration.
- Your doctor will begin a bone graft operation similarly to a flap procedure, but they will insert a bone graft to help your body replace any missing jaw bone.
lengthening of dental crowns. There may be more gum tissue in some gingivitis sufferers. A periodontist can remodel your gum and bone tissue in this situation so that more of your teeth are visible. Additionally, it could be required prior to some dental restoration or cosmetic operations.

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