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Are Exercise helpful in managing parkinson’s symptoms.

Are Exercise helpful in managing parkinson’s symptoms.

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According to the Parkinson’s Foundation, a charity that supports research and disseminates information about the condition, Parkinson’s disease is the second most prevalent neurological illness after Alzheimer’s disease.

It is unclear to experts what causes Parkinson’s. Nonetheless, a lot of people think that a hereditary and environmental combination of factors may be to blame. Parkinson’s patients frequently have a decrease of dopaminergic neurons, or brain cells that produce dopamine, in the substantia nigra, a region of the brain.

In a recent study, researchers discovered that every year, roughly 90,000 Individuals 65 years of age or older are given a Parkinson’s disease diagnosis. In comparison to earlier projections, this is a 50% increase.

Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

Typical signs of Parkinson’s disease include:

  • tremors
  • slow motion
  • limb rigidity
  • balance and gait issues.

Parkinson’s disease can be treated with drugs and surgery even though there is presently no cure. Experts concur that altering one’s lifestyle may be beneficial.

Recently, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published a systemic review and network meta-analysis on the advantages of Parkinson’s patients engaging in exercise routines to manage the condition.

Exercise as treatment

Exercise has been regarded by specialists as a type of treatment for people with Parkinson’s disease for more than 60 years.

The Parkinson’s Outcomes Study, a clinical trial of over 13,000 Parkinson’s patients from five different countries that was started in 2009, discovered that engaging in at least 2.5 hours of exercise per week can reduce the disease’s impact on a person’s quality of life.

Further research is being done to understand the mechanisms through which exercise benefits people with Parkinson’s.

For instance, a 2022 study discovered that a hormone released during exercise lowers the amounts of a protein responsible for the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.

Different types of exercise

The goal of this systematic review and network meta-analysis was to assess how various forms of physical activity affected persons with Parkinson’s disease.

The studies that were considered as part of the analysis focused on the advantages of exercise regimens that the researchers categorised into ten, more general categories, including:

  • dance
  • an aquatic workout
  • gait, equilibrium, and functional training
  • multi-domain instruction
  • mind-body conditioning
  • endurance exercises
  • flexibility exercises
  • resistance and strength training
  • gaming
  • Parkinson’s patients that participate in the physical therapy programme LSVT BIG learn to move their bodies more easily.

According to Dr. Giselle Petzinger, a neurologist and associate professor of neurology at the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, “they really did try to cover, I think, truly the gamut of the different types of activities.” She wasn’t a part of this study.

She continued, “I think the breadth is quite broad. The effects of these various forms of exercise on motor symptoms and quality of life were examined by the researchers. They also looked at the negative outcomes that various study investigators reported.

Studies selected for research

Starting with trial registries, conference proceedings, reference lists of identified studies, and eight databases (including Embase), the researchers conducted a systematic search for articles. This search covered the period from May 2021.

RCTs were a part of the systemic review conducted by the researchers. They examined the effectiveness of several forms of organised physical activity for Parkinson’s disease in adults by contrasting them with one another, a control group, or both.

In the end, the researchers enrolled 7,939 people from 156 RCTs, the majority of whom had mild to severe Parkinson’s disease but no significant cognitive impairment.

The trials included a median of 51 participants. The included studies were carried out in a variety of nations, but the nation with the greatest number of included cases was the United States.

Analysis of the effects of exercise

Network meta-analysis, which is defined as “a meta-analysis in which multiple treatments (that is, three or more) are being compared using both direct comparisons of interventions within randomised controlled trials and indirect comparisons across trials based on a common comparator,” was used by researchers to analyse the effects of the exercises.

The investigation specifically looked at how different types of exercise affected the severity of motor symptoms and quality of life. The negative consequences of exercise were also examined.

On 71 trials with 3,196 people that assessed the severity of motor symptoms and on 55 trials with 3,283 participants that assessed quality of life, network meta-analyses were performed. 5192 participants and 85 studies provided safety information.

Beneficial effects of exercise

The Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)-M scores are used by the researchers to express the effects of various forms of exercise on the severity of motor symptoms in Parkinson’s patients.

The following is evidence from network meta-analyses on the effect of various types of exercise on the severity of motor signs:

  • Dance may have a mildly positive effect, according to the findings.
  • Evidence suggests that aqua-based exercise “may have a moderately positive effect.”
  • Gait, balance, and functional exercise may “may have a moderately positive effect,” according to the data.
  • Evidence indicates that multi-domain training “may have a moderate favourable effect.”
  • Evidence indicates that mind-body training “may have a small beneficial effect”
  • Data suggests that endurance training “may have a slight beneficial effect.”
  • Training your flexibility may “have a modest or no effect,” according to the evidence.
  • Evidence for strength/resistance training is somewhat speculative.
  • LSVT BIG: Evidence is highly speculative.

The Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire scores were used by the researchers to categorise the impact of various forms of exercise on people with Parkinson’s quality of life.

They discovered what follows:

  • Evidence suggests that aquatic training “probably has a considerable beneficial effect.”
  • Evidence suggests that endurance training “may have a moderate favourable effect.”
  • According to the available data, functional exercise “may have a small beneficial effect” on gait and balance.
  • Evidence suggests that multi-domain training “may have a slight favourable effect.”
  • Evidence for mind-body training is highly speculative.
  • gaming: extremely shaky evidence
  • Strength-resistance training: Very unclear evidence
  • Dance: pretty shaky evidence
  • LSVT BIG: Very shaky evidence
  • Evidence for flexibility training is highly speculative.

Just 85 of the chosen studies offered any sort of safety information. In 40 of the RCTs that were examined, no negative occurrences happened. 28 studies did find adverse effects.

Participants in 18 research reported having fallen, and 10 studies said they had hurt themselves. The results of the analysis stated that the “impact of physical activity on the risk of adverse events” is “extremely questionable” in light of the accumulated information.

The researchers did highlight that there was not much data to suggest that the various types of exercise had varied detrimental consequences.

REFEENCES:

  • https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/why-do-my-teeth-hurt-2
  • https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/parkinsons-disease/fighting-parkinson-disease-with-exercise-and-diet
  • https://flatheadvalleyparkinsons.com/parkinsons-most-forms-of-exercise-equally-helpful-in-managing-symptoms/

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Type 2 diabetes drug may help lower rose dementia risk.

Type 2 diabetes drug may help lower rose dementia risk.

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According to new research, older persons with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who have a history of stroke or ischemic heart disease may benefit most from treatment with the thiazolidinedione pioglitazone.

In general, over the course of an average of 10 years, patients who took pioglitazone had a 16% lower risk of dementia. This compares to the people who take medication, according to a large cohort study from Korea.

However, the risk of dementia was decreased by 54% and 43%, respectively, among people with ischemic heart disease and stroke histories.

Reports

There will be 139 million cases of dementia worldwide by 2050, with the number continuing to rise. Dementia is more likely to affect some people, particularly those with type 2 diabetes.

Researchers have shown that persons with type 2 diabetes who used the diabetic medication pioglitazone had a lower risk of dementia in old age.

Dementia affects an estimated 55 million individuals worldwide, and by 2050, that figure is anticipated to rise to 139 million.

Type 2 diabetes and dementia

Why would someone with type 2 diabetes have a higher chance of getting dementia?

At Pinehurst, North Carolina, Dr. Karen D. Sullivan, a board-certified neuropsychologist and proprietor of I CARE FOR YOUR BRAIN, claims that diabetes has a detrimental effect on nearly every system of the body, including the brain.

“Compared to people without diabetes, people with type 2 diabetes have a 50–60% increased risk of developing dementia. She stated in an interview with Medical News Today that this is one of the most potent modifiable risk factors for dementia.

She said: “The insulin resistance we detect in diabetes increases atherosclerosis and alters energy metabolism. This results in microvascular alterations in the brain and ultimately a decrease of blood supply to networks of neurons.”

16% lower risk with pioglitazone

Researchers used information on newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics without dementia from the National Korean Health Database for their investigation. The average follow-up period for the more than 91,000 participants was 10 years. 3,467 of the individuals received the medication pioglitazone.

Following examination, researchers discovered that 8.3% of those taking pioglitazone experienced dementia. This is opposed to 10% of those with type 2 diabetes who did not take the medication.

Scientists discovered that persons with type 2 diabetes who took pioglitazone were 16% less likely to acquire dementia later in life after controlling for a number of lifestyle factors. This study was limited by the fact that it was based on data from insurance claims. Therefore it is possible that some participants did not even take pioglitazone.

The study contains no data on the severity of the illness, the participants’ glycemic control, or their genetic susceptibility to dementia.

How blood vessels may play a role

Dr. Eosu Kim is a professor in the Department of Psychiatry in the College of Medicine at Yonsei University in Seoul, Republic of Korea, and the lead author of this study responded when asked how pioglitazone helps reduce the risk of a person with type 2 diabetes developing dementia by pointing out that this study was to investigate the association between pioglitazone use and incidence of dementia, not how — with what mechanisms — this drug can suppress dementia pathology.

Nonetheless, he told Medical News Today, “Several could be recommended based on [the] basic pharmacological activities of this medicine and findings from past studies.”

“First of all, maintaining healthy blood sugar levels is advantageous for brain activities. Also, this medication enhances cells’ capacity for metabolism and encourages them to use bioenergy more effectively. This helps the brain’s insulin resistance.

“Second, certain studies have demonstrated that pioglitazone removes harmful beta-amyloid proteins from the brain. One of the main causes of Alzheimer’s disease is the buildup of beta-amyloid in the brain, he continued.

“Lastly,” he continued, “we hypothesise that pioglitazone’s anti-dementia action may be related to increasing blood vessel health as we found that this medication is more beneficial in diabetic patients who have blood circulation difficulties in the heart or brain than in those without such problems.

Strongest defence in people with heart illness

Speaking about the heart, Dr. Kim and his team discovered that individuals with type 2 diabetes who had previously experienced an ischemic stroke or ischemic heart disease benefited from pioglitazone the most in terms of dementia protection.

Researchers discovered that dementia risk was lowered by 54% in people with ischemic heart disease. Also, by 43% in people with ischemic stroke. Dr. Kim claimed that these outcomes astounded him and his team. It was a surprising discovery, he added.

“Ischemic heart or brain disorders are key risk factors for dementia, thus it would have made sense if pioglitazone’s effects were found to be less effective in those with these conditions. The outcome, though, was the exact reverse of what was anticipated, he said.

Anti-diabetic drugs against dementia

Dr. Kim stated that the next stage of this research is looking at how current anti-diabetic medications or potential medications. These meds enhance cell energy metabolism can inhibit dementia pathogenesis in animal models.

To confirm this medication’s anti-dementia properties and the risk-benefit ratio of using it, prospective trials are required in clinical research. That is, [a] balance between adverse symptoms and advantageous long-term consequences of this medication in terms of dementia prevention,” he said.

Dr. Sullivan replied that the next stage for pioglitazone would be to evaluate long-term safety in people and determine the ideal dose that minimises side effects while maintaining the desired results.

Due to safety concerns, pioglitazone is presently only used as a second-line medication for type 2 diabetes. It is well recognised to raise the risk of fractures, weight gain, and heart failure hospitalisation.

Until then, Dr. Sullivan advised persons with type 2 diabetes to focus on stabilising their blood glucose levels because both high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) and low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) might harm brain blood vessels.

According to her, brain damage occurs when people experience extreme highs and lows.

REFERENCES:

  • https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/988388
  • https://www.bmj.com/company/newsroom/older-class-of-type-2-diabetes-drugs-linked-to-22-reduced-dementia-risk/
  • https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/type-2-diabetes-drug-may-help-lower-increased-dementia-risk

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Explore the easy hacks to deal with depression.

Explore the easy hacks to deal with depression.

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As sneaky as it is unpredictable, depression may be. You could be surprised by it at any time. even when everything appears to be going according to plan and when everything is “wonderful.”

You might be asking yourself, “How can I feel so horrible when I have so much to be grateful for?” while you try to make sense of this. Worst yet, “I have no business feeling depressed,” Such ideas are not constructive. These just serve to reinforce guilt feelings, which are depression’s best buddy and partner.

Your relationships, your job, and your entire feeling of self-worth can all be affected by clinical depression. It has a powerful punch. Fortunately, there are resources out there that can aid in your resistance.

Preventative care is of course the most significant (therapy, a positive support system, getting enough sleep and exercise, etc.). But, the following are some spot-on, urgent steps you can take if you find yourself in the middle of a depressive episode. All of these “tools” won’t be able to cure depression, but they might at least help clear things up a little.

Symptoms of depression

In a depressive episode, the individual experiences significant difficulties in personal, family, social, educational, occupational, and/or other important areas. The symptoms generally differs in terms of severity and natured which is based on individual occupation, gender, and age group. Depression symptoms can vary from mild to severe and can include:

  • Changes in appetite
  • Loss of energy or increased fatigue
  • Increase in purposeless physical activity or slowed movements or speech
  • weight loss or weight gain
  • Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much
  • Feeling sad or having a depressed mood
  • Feeling worthless or guilty
  • Difficulty thinking, concentrating or making decisions
  • Thoughts of death or suicide
  • Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed

Furthermore, medical conditions such as thyroid problems, brain tumors, and vitamin deficiencies can mimic depression symptoms, so it is important to rule out general medical causes.

Hacks to relieve depression

Activate your body.

Moving your body is the fastest technique to combat depression feelings right now. Of course, exercising may be the last thing you feel like doing when you’re depressed. It need not be difficult, though; any kind of physical exercise will do.

Just performing 20 jumping jacks or shaking your body for a minute or more can have an impact. Our thoughts and bodies are intertwined; if we let our bodies take the lead, the mind will probably follow.

Answer the phone.

Dial a number. a buddy. an associate. With one exception, any kind of social connection can be extremely therapeutic. Make sure the individual you are connected with is a positive support who feeds you rather than drains you.

If you are unable to phone, you can still text someone to feel connected. If you have no one to contact or text, go online and pick one of the many support groups or chat rooms to meet people going through similar experiences to you. Human connection has the ability to heal.

Determine possible triggers.

Even though a depressed episode can appear to occur suddenly and without “good reason,” there usually is an outside trigger. It could be a difficult conversation or experience that you haven’t yet processed, or it could be a self-defeating mindset, which is more harder to recognise.

You can respond, “But nothing happened, and I wasn’t even thinking about anything at the time,” in response to this. The second is impossible. We are constantly thinking. Our thoughts never go away, whether we are debating the meaning of existence or choosing which shoes to wear.

Negative ideas might blend in with the background. Like the sirens you hear so frequently, you stop noticing them. Worst-case scenarios involve these pessimistic thoughts developing into strongly held self-beliefs. For instance, skewed, unfavourable thoughts may surface if you failed a test or lost your job, such as “I failed because I’m not smart enough” or “I’ll never find another job again.” It doesn’t matter what you believe or feel, it still might not be real. It is our responsibility to recognise these thoughts before they take control and to resist them.

Reject the provoking thought.

Lies are one of depression’s greatest strengths. Never trust them.

Once the negative concept has been located, question its veracity. Ask yourself: How do you know that, for instance, when you tell yourself, “I’ll never find another work again”? The future cannot be predicted. Instead, in response to the statement, “I’m not smart enough,” you might provide evidence to the contrary, such as a list of all the times you performed well or your accomplishments to date.

Also, avoid generalising. Simply because you lost one job or failed one test does not mean that you will never find another one or pass another test. Whatever depression tells you, ignore it!

Remain in the current moment.

When depression has you in its tight grip, it might be difficult to think clearly. The prefrontal cortex, a better developed region of the brain that governs cognitive processes like rational thought, can frequently lose control to the limbic system, which governs emotions.

Here, mindfulness can be useful. This does not imply that you must sit and practise meditation for 20 minutes (although practising meditation is one of the best ways to cultivate mindfulness). Catching a negative idea and immediately changing your attention to something physical in the present, like your breath or the noises or odours around you, sometimes be all it takes. Being aware is more than just a trendy concept; it will benefit you all your life.

Take refuge in a good movie.

We all need to occasionally step outside of our thoughts. Of course, in a non-destructive manner. One of the things to do is to watch a fantastic movie. Avoid tearjerkers and instead pick a comedy or at least an upbeat movie. Only a few examples of comedic and/or lighter movies that you can add to your toolkit for battling sadness are provided below.

REFERENCES:

  • https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/nurturing-self-compassion/202006/6-depression-hacks
  • https://www.webmd.com/depression/ss/slideshow-easy-habits-improve-mental-health?
  • https://www.wondermind.com/article/how-to-deal-with-depression/
  • https://www.blurtitout.org/2016/06/14/managing-depression-hacks-hints-difficult-days/?doing_wp_cron=1676625387.6235940456390380859375

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Miscellaneous causes and symptoms of Bipolar disorder.

Miscellaneous causes and symptoms of Bipolar disorder.

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Bipolar disorder causes mood, energy, and activity levels to fluctuate, which can make day-to-day life challenging. Life can be severely disrupted by bipolar disorder, although each person experiences it differently. Many people with this illness have fulfilling lives with the right care and assistance.

Over 10 million people, or roughly 2.8% of the population, in the United States suffer with bipolar illness, according to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI).

A diagnosis is typically made when a person is around 25 years old, however symptoms might start to show up earlier or later in life. Both men and women are equally impacted by it.

What is Bipolar disorder?

Alternating spells of high and low mood are described as the primary symptoms of bipolar disorder by the National Institute of Mental Health. Changes in a person’s energy levels, sleeping habits, capacity to concentrate, and other characteristics can have a profound effect on their behaviour, relationships, employment, and other elements of their life.

Most people experience mood swings from time to time, but those associated with bipolar illness are more severe and may also include other symptoms. Psychosis, which can include delusions, hallucinations, and paranoia, affects some people.

Especially if they are adhering to a treatment plan, the person’s mood may remain stable between episodes for months or even years.

Many people with bipolar disorder may work, study, and live a full and productive life thanks to treatment. But when a person’s medical care makes them feel better, they might quit taking their medicine. The symptoms can then come back.

There are some characteristics of bipolar disorder that might be positive. They may discover that they are more gregarious, conversational, and creative when their mood is boosted. An improved mood won’t likely last, though. Even if it does, it could be challenging to maintain focus or carry out goals. This can make it challenging to see a project through to completion.

Types of bipolar disorder

The three primary forms of bipolar disorder are cyclothymia, bipolar I, and bipolar II.

Bipolar 1

At least one manic episode must occur for a person to be diagnosed with bipolar I. Before and after the manic period, you could encounter major depressed episodes or hypomanic episodes, which are less severe than manic episodes. Everyone who has this form of bipolar disorder is affected, regardless of gender.

Bipolar 2

Bipolar 2 patients go through one severe depressive episode that lasts for at least two weeks. Additionally, they experience at least one hypomanic episode every four days. This kind of bipolar disorder may be more prevalent among women, according to a 2017 research.

Cyclothymia

Cyclothymia patients have periods of hypomania and depression. The mania and depression brought on by these episodes are milder and last for a shorter period of time than those brought on by bipolar I or bipolar II disorder. Most sufferers of this ailment only have periods of no mood symptoms lasting one or two months.

During the diagnosing process, your doctor can go into greater detail about the type of bipolar illness you have.

Different mood symptoms that are experienced by some people approximate these three types but don’t exactly fit. If that applies to you, you can be given the following diagnosis:

  • other specific bipolar illnesses and related conditions
  • undefined bipolar disorder and associated conditions

Symptoms of Bipolar disorder

Mania, hypomania, and depression are the three primary signs and symptoms of bipolar illness. These symptoms can appear in various ways in different bipolar disorder types.

Symptoms of bipolar 1

Bipolar I condition must be diagnosed by:

  • at least one manic episode lasting at least a week.
  • symptoms that interfere with regular activity
  • symptoms that are unrelated to another medical illness, a mental health issue, or drug use

You might also exhibit signs of mania, sadness, or psychosis (known as mixed features). These symptoms may affect your life more severely. If you do, it would be wise to seek out expert assistance as soon as you can (more on this later).

Although hypomania or depressive episodes are not a need for bipolar 1 diagnosis, many people with the condition do report them.

Bipolar II signs

Those who have bipolar 2 must:

  • at least one episode of hypomania lasting four days or longer, with three or more hypomanic symptoms
  • changes in mood and behaviour associated with hypomania that are noticeable to others but may not necessarily have an impact on your day-to-day activities
  • at least one major depressive episode lasting two weeks or more
  • at least one major depressive episode involving five or more important symptoms of depression that significantly affect your day-to-day existence
  • symptoms that are unrelated to another medical illness, a mental health issue, or drug use

Psychotic symptoms are also a possibility in bipolar 2, but only when a depressive episode is present. A mixed mood episode is another possibility, in which you simultaneously feel symptoms of hypomania and despair.

But mania won’t occur if you have bipolar II. Having a manic episode will lead to a bipolar 1 diagnosis.

Symptoms of cyclothymia

Obtaining a cyclothymia diagnosis involves

  • Symptoms of despair and hypomania have alternated on and off for at least two years (1 year for children and adolescents)
  • never fully satisfy the requirements for a hypomanic or depressive episode
  • symptoms that last at least half of the two years and don’t ever go away for more than two months at a time
  • some symptoms that are unrelated to another medical illness, a mental health issue, or drug use
  • symptoms that are distressing and interfere with daily life

Cyclothymia is characterised by mood symptoms that fluctuate. These signs and symptoms might not be as bad as bipolar I or II symptoms. Even yet, they usually last longer, so when you have none, you often have less time.

Your daily life may not be significantly affected by hypomania. Contrarily, depression frequently results in more severe suffering and impairs daily functioning, even if your symptoms don’t match those of a major depressive episode.

Your diagnosis will probably shift to another type of bipolar disorder or major depression, depending on your symptoms, if you ever experience enough symptoms to satisfy the requirements for a hypomanic or depressed episode.

Causes of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder has multiple causes. Researchers are looking at the potential triggers for it in some individuals.

For instance, sometimes it’s just a hereditary issue, meaning you have it because it runs in your family. The way your brain grows may also be important, although researchers are unsure of how or why.

Bipolar Disorder Risk Factors

It is equally likely to affect males and women. Having four or more distinct mood episodes in a year is known as “rapid cycling,” and it is slightly more common in women than in males. In addition, bipolar women tend to experience more depressive episodes than bipolar males.

Women are more likely to have bipolar disorder II and be impacted by seasonal mood swings, and bipolar disorder often occurs later in life for them.

Women are also more likely to experience dual medical and mental health problems. Thyroid disease, migraines, and anxiety problems are a few examples of these medical conditions.

The following factors increase your risk of having bipolar disorder:

  • a family member suffering from bipolar illness
  • experiencing extreme stress or trauma
  • overuse of drugs or alcohol
  • specific health issues

When manic or sad, many people with the disease abuse alcohol or other substances. Seasonal depression, concurrent anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder are more prevalent in people with bipolar disorder.

Treatment of Bipolar disorder

The goal of treatment is to lessen the intensity of symptoms and stabilise the patient’s mood. The objective is to enable the person to carry out daily activities successfully.

A variety of therapies are used throughout the course of treatment, including:

  • medication
  • counselling
  • physical activity
  • lifestyle corrections

Finding a good diagnosis and treatment can take some time because everyone responds differently and symptoms vary greatly.

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Mental causes and symptoms of Body dysmorphic disorder.

Mental causes and symptoms of Body dysmorphic disorder.

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Body dysmorphic disorder is a reasonably common mental health disease in which a person has excessive concern about a perceived flaw in their physical appearance. The face and hair are typically the two body parts that people with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) worry about the most.

Anxiety over one’s lips, grin, or other physical characteristic is common. Some individuals may believe that their acne or facial hair is more obvious and serious than it actually is. Others worry that their overall appearance is unattractive.

The following are the most typical areas of worry for those with BDD:

  • Skin imperfections: A few examples of skin flaws are wrinkles, scars, acne, and pimples.
  • Hair: This could refer to body or head hair as well as the lack of hair.
  • Facial features: Frequently, this refers to the nose, although it might also refer to the size and form of any feature on the face.
  • Body weight: Sufferers may become fixated on their size or level of muscle.

The size of the penis, muscles, breasts, thighs, buttocks, and the existence of specific body odours are other areas of concern.

How does body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) affect people?

Body dysmorphic disorder sufferers may:

  • They think they’re unattractive.
  • Spend hours every day contemplating your apparent defects.
  • They skip out on job or school because they don’t want to be seen.
  • Avoid socialising with loved ones and friends.
  • have plastic surgery, potentially more than one operation, to try to look better.
  • extreme mental distress and destructive behaviour.

Symptoms of Body Dysmorphic Disorder

An unhealthy fixation with one or more aspects of your physical appearance is the main symptom of BDD. This could imply that you constantly judge your perceived flaw against others and struggle to focus on other tasks. Additionally, it may cause social anxiety.

Other symptoms that can emerge as a result of BDD include:

  • a poor sense of self
  • keeping out of social situations
  • difficulties paying attention at job or school
  • repeated activity to cover up imperfections, including overgrooming and getting plastic surgery
  • avoidance of mirrors or compulsive mirror checking
  • obsessive habits like skin plucking (excoriation)
  • changing clothes frequently

The most frequently fretted about bodily parts for BDD sufferers are their face, hair, and skin. However, any bodily area might be the subject of attention. Common BDD areas of interest include:

  • acne or pimples on the face
  • aspects of the face, such as the nose, lips, and eyes
  • hair type, thickness, or colour
  • body size and composition
  • genitalia

In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, BDD is a subset of muscle dysmorphia (DSM-5). A person in this situation is fixated with the notion that their body is too tiny or lacking in muscle. This occurs more frequently in men and is linked to a higher risk of substance abuse and suicide.

Causes of Body Dysmorphic Disorder

BDD may be caused by a number of factors, albeit the exact cause is unknown to medical professionals.

An inherited disorder

A tiny investigation has indicated that certain genetic variables might be involved. According to the study, 8 percent of those who have BDD have a close relative who has experienced the disorder.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

BDD frequently affects individuals with an OCD diagnosis or who have a relative who has the disease. According to one study, BDD affects 8–37% of individuals with OCD. More research is required, although BDD and OCD may share similar genetic causes. The same therapies that work for OCD also seem to work for BDD.

Visual processing and other features of the brain

In a 2004 stud where participants were given tasks including sketching figures and seeing photographs, persons with BDD were more prone than those without BDD to overfocus on details and detect distortions. Scientists continue to believe that these elements may be involved in BDD, even if it is unclear whether they are a cause or an outcome of the disorder.

Low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin:

Low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin have been detected in certain BDD patients, however it is unclear whether serotonin plays any role in the disorder. Serotonin appears to improve some symptoms when administered as a medication, but scientists think the connection is probably complicated.

Childhood experiences

One study suggests that BDD can develop in those who have been teased or body shamed in the past. A higher sensitivity to the ideas of harmony and beauty may potentially affect BDD, but the study cautions that this could be a symptom of the condition rather than a root cause.

More research is required to establish this, but it is possible that teaching that emphasises particular conceptions of beauty also contributes to the development of BDD.

Diagnosing BDD

BDD is classified as an obsessive-compulsive and associated disorder in the DSM-5.

To help doctors differentiate the illness from other mental disorders including social anxiety and others, the DSM-5 offers modernised diagnosis criteria. However, BDD sufferers frequently also have other anxiety problems.

The following signs and symptoms must be present for BDD to be diagnosed:

  • the obsession with a “flaw” in your look
  • repetitive actions, such as skin plucking, frequently changing your clothes, or mirror-gazing
  • a severe disturbance in your functioning or significant distress brought on by your obsession with the “flaw”
  • Although having both can occur, the BDD concern is not a direct effect of an eating disorder.

A subtype of BDD is muscle dysmorphia.

REFERENCES:

What are the initial signs of having dementia?

What are the initial signs of having dementia?

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When a group of symptoms significantly interfere with day-to-day functioning, including memory, thinking, and social skills, it is referred to as dementia. There are many conditions that can cause dementia, even if there isn’t one specific illness that does.

Memory loss is a common symptom of dementia, but it can have many different causes. Memory loss alone does not necessarily indicate dementia, despite the fact that it is frequently one of the first symptoms of the illness.

The most frequent cause of a progressive dementia in older persons is Alzheimer’s disease, although there are several other dementia-related conditions as well. Some dementia symptoms could be reversible, depending on the underlying reason.

Types of Dementia

Although some of these dementias are treatable, they cannot be reversed:

  • Alzheimer’s condition
  • arterial dementia
  • Parkinson’s disease and other conditions that can cause dementia
  • Mental illness with Lewy bodies
  • Dementia frontotemporal (Pick’s disease)
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Depending on which area of the brain is affected, dementia can be divided into two categories.

Problems with the cerebral cortex, the brain’s outer layer, create cortical dementias. They are essential for language and memory. These varieties of dementia are characterised by significant memory loss, inability to understand language or remember words. The cortical dementias Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Alzheimer’s are two examples.

Subcortical dementia: Problems in the areas of the brain below the cortex create subcortical dementias. It patients frequently experience alterations in their capacity to initiate tasks and their rate of thought. People with subcortical dementia typically do not have forgetfulness or linguistic difficulties. These forms of dementia can be brought on by Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and HIV.

Some dementias have an impact on both hemispheres of the brain. Lewy Body dementia, for instance, has both cortical and subcortical components.

Other Types of Memory Loss vs. Dementia

The transient disorientation or amnesia that could be caused by an infection that goes away on its own without treatment is not dementia. It might also result from an underlying condition or a drug’s negative effects. Typically, dementia gets worse with time.

Initial Causes of Dementia

The following are the dementia’s most typical causes:

Neurological illnesses that progress over time. These consist of:

Over time, these illnesses worsen.

Vascular conditions. The circulation of blood to your brain is impacted by these diseases.

  • Traumatic brain injuries brought on by traffic collisions, slips and falls, concussions, etc.
  • central nerve system infections Meningitis, HIV, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are a few of these.
  • long-term usage of drugs or alcohol
  • many forms of hydrocephalus, a fluid collection in the brain

Dementia can have reversible causes, such as:

  • Alcoholism or other drug abuse
  • Tumors
  • Blood clots that form beneath the brain’s covering, known as subdural hematomas
  • A collection of fluid in the brain known as normal-pressure hydrocephalus
  • metabolic diseases like a lack of vitamin B12
  • Hypothyroidism, the medical term for low thyroid hormone levels.
  • Hypoglycemia, a term for low blood sugar.
  • HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND)

Initial symptoms of dementia

Dementia affects a person’s capacity to manage their daily life since it impairs their ability to think and remember.

Some warning indicators include the following:

  • Problems with short-term memory, such as forgetting where you put something or repeatedly asking the same subject
  • difficulties with words coming to mind during communication
  • Losing direction
  • difficulty with complex but common chores, such as preparing food or paying expenses
  • Mood swings, despair, agitation, and other personality changes

Stages of Dementia

Dementia often progresses through these stages. However, it might differ according on the part of the brain that is afflicted.

  1. No disability: A person in this stage won’t exhibit any symptoms, although tests could find a problem.
  2. Very mild decline: Your loved one will remain autonomous, though you could observe subtle behavioural changes.
  3. A slight drop: More shifts in their logic and way of thinking will become apparent. They could struggle with creating plans and frequently speak in the same way. They could also struggle to recall recent occurrences.
  4. Modest deterioration: They’ll struggle harder to remember recent events and make plans. Traveling and managing money may be difficult for them.
  5. Moderately severe decline: They might not be able to recall their phone number or the names of their grandchildren. They can be uncertain of the time or the day of the week. They will now require assistance with some fundamental daily tasks, like choosing what to dress.
  6. Significant drop: They’ll start to lose track of their spouse’s name. Both eating and using the restroom will require assistance. Additionally, their emotions and demeanour may have changed.
  7. Extremely rapid fall. They are unable to express their ideas verbally. They are unable to walk and will be in bed for the majority of the day.

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What are the possible side effects of using Serpentina?

What are the possible side effects of using Serpentina?

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A member of the milkweed family, rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina), often spelled ravolphia, is a useful shrub. Its root is either marketed as pills or capsules, or it is ground into a powder and packaged in this way. It is a substance that is frequently utilised in Asian medicine, particularly the traditional Ayurvedic treatment that originated in India.

About 50 alkaloids, which are its active constituents, have been identified; however, reserpine, rescinnamine, and deserpidine seem to produce the strongest psychedelic effects. Indian snakeroot should not be confused with Yohimbe or Rauvolfia vomitoria. They are not equivalent.

Uses

Indian snakeroot is used to treat mental illnesses such agitated psychosis and insanity, as well as mild high blood pressure, anxiety, and sleeplessness. It is also used as a tonic for general debilities and for snake and reptile bites, fever, constipation, feverish intestinal problems, liver disorders, achy joints (rheumatism), fluid retention (edoema), and epilepsy.

Indian snakeroot has a substance that is similar to the prescription medication reserpine. Reserpine is used to treat schizophrenia, mild to severe hypertension, and a few signs of impaired circulation.

  • Difficulty sleeping (insomnia). Early research suggests that Indian snakeroot, when taken with two additional plants, may be able to treat insomnia.
  • Nervousness.
  • illnesses of the mind like schizophrenia.
  • Constipation.
  • Fever.
  • liver issues.
  • painful joints
  • due to inadequate circulation, leg spasms.
  • mildly elevated blood pressure
  • other circumstances

Side effects

When a standardised extract is administered under the guidance of a medical expert with experience using it, Indian snakeroot is POSSIBLY SAFE. Standardized Indian snakeroot has a predetermined dosage of medication. Indian snakeroot has a range of compounds, including reserpine, depending on the plant.

Indian snakeroot contains reserpine and other potentially hazardous compounds; therefore, a skilled healthcare expert must accurately calculate the dosage and monitor any side effects. Nasal congestion, stomach cramps, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, drowsiness, seizures, Parkinson’s-like symptoms, and coma are just a few of the side effects that can range in severity from mild to serious. When driving or operating heavy machinery, Indian snakeroot should not be taken because it can impair reaction time.

SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS & WARNINGS

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Indian snakeroot is NOT SAFE to take during pregnancy or when nursing a baby. Indian snakeroot has compounds that could lead to birth abnormalities. Additionally, it is NOT SAFE to utilise this Indian snakeroot when nursing. It contains toxins that can enter breast milk and damage a nursing infant.

Shock therapy (electroconvulsive therapy, ECT): Indian snakeroot should not be administered by patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), also known as shock therapy. Indian snakeroot should be stopped at least a week before starting ECT.

Gall stones: Indian snakeroot may exacerbate gallstones and gallbladder disorders.

Stomach ulcers, intestinal ulcers, or ulcerative colitis: If you have ever experienced stomach, intestinal, or ulcerative colitis, you should not use Indian snakeroot.

Allergic reaction to reserpine or other drugs classified as rauwolfia alkaloids: If you have an allergy to any of these medications, avoid taking Indian snakeroot.

Depression: If you have depression or suicidal thoughts, avoid using Indian snakeroot.

Pheochromocytoma: An adrenal gland tumour that raises blood pressure to hazardous levels: In this case, stay away from Indian snakeroot.

Surgery: Indian snakeroot may hasten the central nervous system during surgery. There is a worry that it can make surgery more difficult by raising blood pressure and heart rate. Before any scheduled surgery, stop using Indian snakeroot at least two weeks in advance.

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Can Parkinson’s disease in men cause erectile dysfunction?

Can Parkinson’s disease in men cause erectile dysfunction?

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Erectile dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction is basically a disorder found in men which could be a sign of physical or psychological condition. The symptoms associated with this disorder is found in men’s reproductive organ i.e. inability to keep an erection firmer and longer enough during a sexual activity.

Erectile dysfunction is a treatable disorder which includes many possible methods such as natural remedies, alternative medicine, and prescription drugs. In this article, let us discuss about some faster ways to treat this disorder.

Causes of erectile dysfunction

There are many factors involved in male sexual arousal, including hormones, emotions, nerves, muscles, and the blood vessels. There are a number of factors that can contribute to erectile dysfunction. It is also possible for erectile dysfunction to be caused or worsened by stress and mental health concerns.

In some cases, erectile dysfunction is caused by a combination of physical and psychological factors. In some cases, anxiety about maintaining an erection may be caused by a minor physical condition that slows down your sexual response. A result of this anxiety may exacerbate the problem of erectile dysfunction or lead to it.

Parkinson’s disease

It is a degenerative brain condition related to aging, in which parts of the brain deteriorate. Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder that affects the nervous system and the parts of the body that are controlled by the brain. Symptoms of this disorder initializes slowly. A slightly noticeable shakiness on one hand could be the first symptom of this disease.

Cause of Parkinson’s disease

Despite several risk factors for Parkinson’s disease, including exposure to pesticides, genetics is the only known direct cause of Parkinson’s disease for now. Parkinson’s disease is classified as “idiopathic” when it is not caused by genetic factors (the word idiopathic comes from the Greek and means “a disease of its own”). In other words, they are unsure of the exact reason for it.

There are a number of conditions that look like Parkinson’s disease, when in fact they are actually parkinsonism (which refers to Parkinson’s disease-like conditions) caused by some psychiatric medication.

Treatment for Parkinson’s disease can affect sexuality

Parkinson’s disease is incurable, but most of the symptoms can be managed with medication or surgery. There is, however, the possibility that medications may reduce sexual desire and sexual response. It is mainly taken during the day when motor or physical functions are improved; low levels of medication taken at night may also have an adverse effect on sexual function. There is a rare side effect associated with some medications called hypersexuality (increased sexual desire). It is advisable to discuss all the pros and cons of treatment before starting.

Parkinson’s disease and Sexuality issues

A person with Parkinson’s may experience sexual problems for a variety of reasons, including the condition and the medications:

  • The negative perception of my body
  • Problems with sleeping
  • A reduced sense of self-worth
  • Mood disorders and grief
  • Angry feelings and stress
  • Issues with continence, constipation, and frequent and urgent urination.

Parkinson’s disease – sexual issues for couples

Parkinson’s may derail a couple’s sexual dynamics because of its demands and challenges. Issues may include:

  • Parkinson’s disease may cause a person to take a more passive role in lovemaking due to their reduced mobility.
  • Sleeping separate bedrooms may be necessary for couples who suffer from Parkinson’s since symptoms worsen at night. There are fewer opportunities for spontaneous sex under this arrangement.
  • There may be firmly established roles between the couple (particularly those who have been together for a long time). As a result of Parkinson’s disease, each person’s roles can be drastically changed, and this sudden unfamiliarity may cause issues in the relationship, including sex.
  • There may be friction between people due to how they handle their diagnosis and the daily demands of Parkinson’s. It is possible for communication problems to spill over into the bedroom.
  • There are many ways in which Parkinson’s disease can disrupt a couple’s lovemaking routine. In the event that the couple does not make any changes in their sexual attitudes or habits, further problems are likely to occur.

Practical suggestions

  • It is important to recognize and appreciate the emotional stress you are both experiencing, even if you are experiencing it in different ways. You should make every effort to show love, respect, warmth, and togetherness in a non-sexual manner.
  • Discuss sexual needs honestly and openly. Regardless of the type of relationship problem, communication is the best solution.
  • Changing routines can help to alleviate Parkinson’s symptoms, especially if you make love in the morning when you’re more mobile or when your symptoms are less pronounced (your ‘on’ time).
  • To make love, focus more on the physical aspects – for instance, foreplay, touching, and kissing – rather than penetration.
  • Discover and practice different, comfortable penetration positions for successful and pleasurable penetration.
  • Change your sexual roles based on the abilities of you and your partner.
  • Find new ways to stimulate physical feelings (touch, arousal, orgasm).
  • Ensure that medication effects on sexual function are reduced by working with medical staff.

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Can depression increase your risk for heart disease?

Can depression increase your risk for heart disease?

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Introduction

In today’s world, been depressed is one of the most common symptom found in adults. As per reports, one in every ten American adults is been associated with depression in one way or other. Depression is a kind of mental disorder that almost every person has to go through at some point in their lifetime. But the question is, can depression have a greater impact on your heart’s health than you think?

Mental conditions and heart disease

  • Conditions such as heart attack and angina are also known as cardiovascular diseases. These conditions are more common among people living with depression than among the general population. We now know that depression is a significant risk factor for coronary heart disease, along with smoking, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure. The link between anxiety and heart disease is less well understood, but many people with anxiety also suffer from depression.
  • In addition to making it harder for people with heart disease to recover, depression can also make them more prone to further heart problems in the future. 

What sorts of mental health conditions affect heart disease?

Anxiety and depression are thought to relate to heart disease, both as a cause and an effect.

What is a Depression?

Depression is basically a common but serious mental disorder, medically termed as Major Depressive Disorder which negatively affects a person’s way of thinking, how the person feels and behaves. This mental disorder is different from mood fluctuations. In addition to causing emotional and physical problems, it can also make it difficult for you to function at work and at home.

Despite the existence of effective treatments for mental disorders, more than 75% of people in low- and middle-income countries do not receive any treatment. There are several barriers to effective mental health care, including a lack of resources, a lack of trained health-care providers, and social stigma associated with mental illness. People with depression in countries of all income levels are frequently misdiagnosed and prescribed antidepressants even when they do not have the disorder.

What is anxiety?

Anxiety can be referred as a response driven by your brain with respect to stress or danger alert. Anxiety can be triggered in situation which puts you under stress and heavy thinking such as public speaking, examination, important decision making, taking an important test, etc.

Usual anxiety is common in people which is trigger by several situation as mentioned just above. It is generally a mental condition caused by mental and physical stressful event as alone or combination.

When an individual observe anxiety due to triggering event occasionally, it is termed as occational anxiety which is considered as a normal condition. However, getting diagnosed to anxiety disorder is pretty much a different and much worse level.

Symptoms of depression

In a depressive episode, the individual experiences significant difficulties in personal, family, social, educational, occupational, and/or other important areas. The symptoms generally differs in terms of severity and natured which is based on individual occupation, gender, and age group. Depression symptoms can vary from mild to severe and can include:

  • Changes in appetite
  • Loss of energy or increased fatigue
  • Increase in purposeless physical activity or slowed movements or speech
  • weight loss or weight gain
  • Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much
  • Feeling sad or having a depressed mood
  • Feeling worthless or guilty
  • Difficulty thinking, concentrating or making decisions
  • Thoughts of death or suicide
  • Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed

Furthermore, medical conditions such as thyroid problems, brain tumors, and vitamin deficiencies can mimic depression symptoms, so it is important to rule out general medical causes.

Triggering events

Events which triggers an individual’s emotional, psychological, or physical events or circumstances that can cause depression symptoms to appear or return are generally categorized as tiggering events. Some of the most general and major triggering events include:

  • The loss of a loved one, the conflict within the family, and the change of a relationship are stressful events in life
  • Recovery from depression is incomplete when depression treatment is stopped too early
  • An illness or medical crisis, such as a new diagnosis or chronic disease such as diabetes or heart disease.

Links between mental health and heart disease

Following are some of the link between heart health and mental health.

  • There is a significant independent relationship between depression and heart disease.
  • Other known risk factors for heart disease (such as an unhealthy lifestyle) are associated with depression.
  • People with heart disease are more likely to suffer from depression. As a result, recovery is affected and the risk of further heart attacks increases. As a result, heart attack patients with depression are generally less motivated to follow healthy daily routines, including skipping important medications, avoiding exercise and eating a proper diet, and engaging in harmful behaviors such as smoking and drinking alcohol.

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What are the different ways to treat depression?

What are the different ways to treat depression?

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Depression is a mood disorder characterized by sadness and loss of interest, also known as major depression or clinical depression. It affects how you feel, think, behave, and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. In addition to causing emotional and physical problems, it can also make it difficult for you to function at work and at home.

Risk factor of depression

Depression can happen at any age, but often begins in teenage or adulthood. It is now recognized that depression can occur in children and adolescents, although occasionally the symptoms manifest more as irritability than depression. In many cases, chronic anxiety and mood disorders in adults begin as high levels of anxiety in children.

Following are the conditions that is associated as a high risk for the cause of depression.

  • experiencing certain life events
  • having a chronic condition or cardiovascular disease
  • living with chronic pain
  • lacking social support
  • having had a previous episode of major depression
  • having a lack of successful coping strategies
  • experiencing acute stress
  • using recreational drugs, such as alcohol or amphetaminessustained a head injury
  • having a neuro degenerative disease such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s
  • having a close relative with depression
  • using some prescription drugs

Treatments:

It is possible to treat depression. The majority of people, however, do not react to treatment immediately and may need to combine treatments or try multiple drugs to get relief. The majority of people who suffer from depression remit their symptoms within 12 months, but it can return at any time.

The most effective treatment for your symptoms may be a combination of treatments, or you may find that one form of treatment is enough to manage your symptoms. Apart from medicine therapy usually adopted by most of the depressed people, in many cases, medical treatments are combined with lifestyle therapies, such as:

1. Psychotherapy:

You can learn skills to cope with negative feelings by speaking with a therapist. The services of a family therapist or a group therapist may also be of benefit to you. The goal of psychotherapy, also known as “talk therapy,” is to identify and cope with the factors contributing to a mental health condition, such as depression.

Psychotherapy has been proven to be effective treatment of depression and other psychiatric disorders. A combination of psychological therapy and pharmaceutical treatment is often used. Various types of psychotherapy are available, and some people respond better to certain types.

2. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT):

The goal of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is to uncover unhealthy patterns of thought and identify how they may lead to harmful behaviors, reactions, and beliefs.

It is possible that your therapist will assign you “homework” in which you need to practice replacing negative thoughts with more positive ones.

3. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

Unlike cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) emphasizes acceptance of uncomfortable thoughts, feelings, and behaviors rather than fighting them.

It is believed that if you accept that change is possible and make a recovery plan, you will be able to change your harmful thoughts or emotions.

4. Psychodynamic therapy:

Talk therapy, or psychodynamic therapy, can help you cope with your everyday life more effectively. Psychodynamic therapy is based on the principle of that the reality you live in today is shaped by your unconscious childhood experiences.

As part of this form of therapy, your therapist will help you reflect on and examine your childhood and experiences in order to help you cope and understand your present situation.

5. Light therapy:

White light can help regulate your mood and reduce depression symptoms. A common use of light therapy is in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder, which has now been renamed major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern.

6. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT):

People with clinical depression can benefit from electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which uses electrical currents to induce seizures. Those with severe depression or depression that hasn’t responded to other treatments or antidepressants are prescribed this medication. In an ECT procedure, you will be administered an anesthetic agent, which will cause you to fall asleep for approximately 5-10 minutes.

An electrode will be placed on specific areas of your head and cardiac monitoring pads will be placed on your chest. Short electric pulses will be passed through them for several minutes. There will be negligible feeling of those pulses un your body and you will wakeup after several minutes.

Patients may also develop memory problems, but these usually reside in the weeks and months after treatment.

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