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Month: March 2024

Although smoking shrinks the brain, stopping could stop additional loss.

Although smoking shrinks the brain, stopping could stop additional loss.

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According to a recent study, cigarette smoking causes brain shrinkage, with the damage increasing with the amount of time and intensity of smoking. Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, and cognitive decline are all more likely to occur when brain volume is lost. While it cannot be stopped, quitting smoking can help slow down the shrinkage of the brain. The authors of the study advise smokers of any age to make stopping their habit a top priority. Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have found that smoking cigarettes shrinks the brain. Washington, MO (WashUMed). Additionally linked to a higher risk of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and cognitive impairment is brain shrinkage. The findings of the study demonstrate that stopping smoking at any moment prevented additional gray matter loss. But once shrinkage happens, the brain does not regain its initial mass. Smoking has long been known to be bad for the heart and lungs, but its effects on the brain have received less attention from researchers.

Leading the research team is Dr. Laura J., a senior author. The director of WashUMed’s Health and Behavior Research Center, Bierut, set out to close a knowledge gap about the negative effects of smoking. The results of the investigation were just released in Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science. According to earlier studies, smokers have a higher risk of dementia. An estimated 14% of Alzheimer’s cases are thought to be related to smoking. Disentangling behavioral and genetic variables is necessary to examine the relationship between brain shrinkage and cigarette smoking. Genetics can affect both brain shrinkage and the desire to smoke; according to the authors, genetics accounts for roughly half of an individual’s preference for smoking. The researchers took into account variables like brain volume and genetic susceptibility to smoking. They came to the conclusion that although smoking may be inherited, smoking is a major cause of brain shrinkage. The UK Biobank’s 2019 data releases are analyzed in this study. It included brain imaging data from 32,094 participants who were of European descent. The participants admitted to smoking on their own.

Researchers determined the number of years that smokers who reported consuming one pack or twenty cigarettes per day smoked cigarettes. Their brain images were contrasted with those of nonsmokers and smokers who had smoked less than 100 cigarettes. There was more brain shrinkage in those who smoked more. Dr. Neurons and their connections are lost in brain shrinkage, also known as atrophy, according to Dung Trinh of the Healthy Brain Clinic in Long Beach, California, who spoke with Medical News Today. Dr. Trinh did not work on the project. According to Dr. Trinh, this loss may affect the brain’s ability to operate properly. Dr. According to Trinh, certain crucial regions shrink in diseases like Alzheimer’s disease and dementia in general, which leads to a loss of function. For instance, he pointed out that Alzheimer’s patients frequently exhibit marked atrophy in the hippocampus, an area essential for memory formation. A decrease in cognitive function may arise from this atrophy’s suppression of interregional communication in the brain. Dr. Bierut made the observation that aging is linked to a decrease in brain volume. To put it another way, she claimed that smokers’ brains are “older”.

According to Dr. Bierut, smoking exposes oneself to numerous harmful chemicals. She continued by saying that smokers’ blood oxygen levels are consistently lower. According to Dr. Bierut, the brain is slowly starving itself because it loves oxygen and these prolonged low oxygen levels are starving it. Dr. Trinh enumerated a number of ways smoking can damage the brain. According to him, vascular damage can lower blood flow to the brain, which can cause atrophy and cell death. Dr. Trinh mentioned how smoking causes oxidative stress and inflammation, both of which can harm brain cells and the structures that support them. Cigarette smoke contains certain neurotoxic chemicals that can cause direct harm to brain tissue. According to Dr. Trinh, smoking alters the brain’s levels of several neurotransmitters, which over time may lead to atrophy and neural damage. According to Dr. Bierut, giving up smoking is among the most significant things you can do for your health. Your brain ages more quickly the longer and heavier you smoke. Additionally, I always tell older smokers that it’s never too late to give up. Even at a later age, quitting has health benefits.

In general, as the world’s population ages, a growing number of elderly people will experience dementia. This is a serious public health issue, and in order to have a healthy senior population, we must concentrate on lowering the modifiable risk factors for dementia. Dr. Trinh added that not only adults should give up smoking at the same time. Because the brains of teenagers and young adults are still developing, exposure to the negative effects of smoking during these formative years may result in more severe long-term damage, according to Dr. Trinh. It is a well-known fact that the potential lifetime harm from smoking increases with age. Dr. Robert Miller, an internal medicine physician with Vista Staffing, a company that provides physician search services nationwide, recommended a multimodal strategy for quitting smoking that includes counseling therapy. Dr. Miller did not work on the project. According to him, supportive pharmacotherapy and behavioral modification are the goals of this strategy. Dr. Miller listed seven drugs that have been given FDA approval to aid in quitting smoking, including nicotine replacement therapies (i.e. e. oral tablet medications (i.e., nicotine patches, lozenges, gum, oral inhaler, and nasal spray). e. , bupropion SR and varenicline).

According to Dr. Miller, helping others break the habit and finding success through a common goal can support each person on their own journey. It could also be beneficial to substitute healthy pursuits like reading or working out for the craving to smoke. According to Dr. Miller, some people discover that their urge to smoke might be a reaction to specific triggers. One way to kick the smoking habit is to recognize and stay away from personal triggers. It is not thought that vaping is a secure or reliable method of quitting smoking for those who are thinking about using e-cigarettes.

REFERENCES:

https://medicine.wustl.edu/news/smoking-causes-brain-shrinkage/
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/smoking-causes-brain-shrinkage-but-quitting-may-prevent-further-loss
https://www.mobidoctor.eu/blog/smoking-causes-brain-shrinkage-but-quitting-may-prevent-further-loss
https://www.mlo-online.com/disease/article/53081262/smoking-causes-brain-shrinkage
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The impact of flaxseeds on gut microbiome may reduce the risk of breast cancer.

The impact of flaxseeds on gut microbiome may reduce the risk of breast cancer.

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One dangerous kind of cancer is breast cancer. Scholars continue to investigate potential causes of breast cancer as well as strategies to reduce risk. The distinct relationship between the gut microbiome and mammary gland expression of microRNA was highlighted by data from a recent mouse study. Additionally, eating flaxseed may affect the relationship between mammary gland microRNA expression and the gut microbiota, which may help prevent breast cancer. Scholars are gaining increasing insight into the ways in which the microorganisms found in the human gut, known as the gut microbiome, impact various aspects of health. The goal of a recent study that was published in Microbiology Spectrum was to examine the connection between breast cancer risk and the gut microbiome. Researchers discovered a crucial relationship between the gut microbiome and gene expression in their study utilizing female mice. They also discovered that feeding mice flaxseed lowered their risk of developing breast cancer. Although further research is required, the findings may have practical applications in lowering the risk of breast cancer. The goal of this study’s research was to learn more about one particular strategy for modifying the risk of breast cancer. In this specific study, data from female mice were analyzed. It allowed researchers to examine gut microbiome components and their connection to breast cancer. The bacteria and other microorganisms that reside in the gut are referred to as the gut microbiome. They were able to as well.

Initially, they discovered a relationship between mammary gland microRNA and the microorganisms present in the mice’s guts. They also discovered that breast cancer development may be influenced by mammary gland microRNA. Author of the study Dr. Elena M. Comelli, Ph.D. D. , Associate Professor, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, told MNT We discovered a correlation between the expression of microRNA in the mammary gland and the relative abundance of specific microbiota taxa (gut bacteria). MicroRNAs are tiny molecules that play a key role in controlling how genes are expressed. We discovered that a few of these microRNA are connected to pathways related to breast cancer. Next, the researchers looked at potential modifications to the connection between the gut microbiome and microRNA expression in the mammary gland. It was discovered that feeding mice flaxseed changed the way gut bacteria interacted with microRNA, which may have a protective effect against breast cancer. The theory that consuming flaxseed as a whole food may yield the greatest benefits was reinforced by additional analysis of the flaxseed’s constituent parts. It’s interesting that flaxseed was able to positively alter these associations, according to Dr. Comelli. Lignan, a substance found in flaxseed, must be broken down by the gut microbiota in order to produce metabolites that are subsequently taken up by the bloodstream. A diet intervention was found to be associated with the gut microbiota-mammary gland miRNA relationship.

The research showed the interconnectivity of the gastrointestinal microbial ecosystem relationship to the miRNA of the mammary glands. Dr. Theresa Hubka, an osteopathic physician specializing in OB/GYN and president-elect of the American Osteopathic Association, also shared her thoughts on the study with Medical News Today. They demonstrated how the digestive system interacts with other organs in relation to a particular disease state, such as breast cancer, and the preventive measures that can be taken in the form of dietary modifications. Gaining an understanding of these systems will enable additional research on the regulation of genes implicated in the processes of proliferation and migration in breast cancer. Therefore, certain disease states can be mitigated and one’s health and well-being can be improved through nutrition and dietary changes. One of the most common cancer types and a major cause of cancer-related mortality is breast cancer. 685,000 deaths globally in 2020 were related to breast cancer alone. To treat breast cancer, medical professionals and cancer specialists can work together to develop a combined treatment plan. Radiation therapy, medication, and surgery to remove the cancer are possible treatments. Board-certified hematologist and medical oncologist Dr. Wael Harb, of MemorialCare Cancer Institute at Orange Coast and Saddleback Medical Centers in Orange County, California, and non-study author, provided MNT with the following explanation.

Breast cancer is still a major global health concern. According to the World Health Organization, it is the most common cancer among women worldwide, with over 2.3 million diagnoses and 685,000 deaths from it in 2020. The American Cancer Society projects that there will be 43,250 deaths and 287,850 new cases in the US in 2023. The incidence of breast cancer and its potential severity highlight the need for continued research and public health campaigns, even though improvements in treatment and early detection have increased survival rates. One of the most important aspects of supporting those with breast cancer is conducting research and creating potential treatments. Learning how people can lower their risk of developing breast cancer, however, is also essential. For example, people who regularly exercise, maintain a healthy weight, and drink less alcohol may be able to reduce their risk of breast cancer. This study suggests that the risk of breast cancer may be changed. But there are also significant limitations to the research. The study’s primary drawback is that only female mice were used, which limits the research’s applicability to human subjects. It suggests that further study in this field is necessary. Future research can also examine the special connection and implications between the components of flaxseed, the mammary gland microRNA, and the gut microbiome. Dr. Harb identified the following clinical implications of the data “If these findings are confirmed by additional research, especially with human subjects, it could have important clinical implications.”. It implies that dietary changes, like consuming flaxseed, may affect variables linked to the risk of breast cancer. Before such findings can be applied to clinical practice, however, a thorough investigation is required due to the intricacy of human biology and the impact of multiple factors such as genetics and environment. The study emphasizes the need for rigorous, extensive human trials to validate these preliminary findings while also pointing towards exciting possibilities in preventive strategies. Dr. Regarding upcoming MNTA research, Elena M. Comelli made the following observation “At the moment, we are studying flaxseed hull, which is enriched in lignans vs flaxseed.”. Flaxseed hull adds more lignans to the diet when consumed in the same amount. We’re curious to see if this leads to better responses. It will also be crucial to conduct an experimental investigation to confirm our in silico results. It will be crucial to investigate the potential regulatory role of microRNAs in the preventive effects of flaxseed in breast cancer models. The results will aid in formulating treatment plans. As research advances, it may lead to the creation of clinical guidelines that lower the risk of breast cancer or even the quantity of cases of the disease.

REFERENCES:

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/flaxseed-benefits-gut-microbiome-reduce-breast-cancer-risk
https://www.healthline.com/health-news/flaxseeds-influence-gut-microbiome-and-may-reduce-breast-cancer-risk
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/12/231207161415.htm
https://www.earth.com/news/flaxseeds-influence-on-the-gut-could-reduce-breast-cancer-risk/
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Women with depression face higher cardiovascular disease risk than men

Women with depression face higher cardiovascular disease risk than men

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According to experts, inflammation and hormones in the body are two things that can lead to the development of cardiovascular disease. They claim that when it comes to screening for depression, medical professionals should do a better job of looking at both men and women. After receiving a diagnosis of depression, women are much more likely than men to develop cardiovascular disease.
Heart attacks, strokes, heart failures, and atrial fibrillation are all considered forms of cardiovascular disease, or CVD. Women in the United States are twice as likely as men to experience depression, and over 60 million women are thought to have heart disease. According to a recent study, cardiologists might want to devote more time to screening patients for depression. Improved comprehension will enable medical professionals to provide depression treatment that is optimal for men and women, improving the outcomes of CVD for these populations.

Between 2005 and 2022, the study monitored and examined medical claims, examining the rates of depression and eventual diagnosis of cardiovascular disease in over 4 million patients. Men made up slightly more of the study’s participants than women. The mean age was forty-four. Before being diagnosed with CVD, the participant had to receive a clinical diagnosis to be eligible for a depression status in the analysis. Body mass index, blood pressure, fasting cholesterol, and blood glucose levels were among the patient health data. Cardiovascular events included atrial fibrillation, heart failure, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction, or heart attack. Multiple hazard ratios, which simply show a person’s risk of something occurring in men versus women, were calculated by researchers using data.

According to the data, the risk ratio for a diagnosis of depression to result in cardiovascular disease was 1 point 64 for women and 1 point 39 for men. Women were more likely than men to experience depression that directly resulted in heart attacks, chest pain, strokes, heart failure, and other incidents. Researchers acknowledged that there were several obvious limitations to the study. One of the challenges they faced was the inability to obtain precise information regarding the depression symptoms of the participants or the possible impact of COVID-19. Furthermore, because the study was observational in nature, it was unable to prove a link between depression and CVD.

Although heart attacks are more commonly associated with men than women in society and the media, both sexes are equally at risk. For women, however, the odds of surviving a heart attack and receiving treatment are not as good. While she wasn’t involved in the study, Dr. Evelina Grayver, a cardiologist and the director of Women’s Heart Health at Central Region Northwell Health, expressed her happiness that research is finally being done on the topic and pointed out several important points. According to Grayver, Medical News Today, the leading cause of death for women is cardiovascular disease. More women die from it than from lung, breast, and colon cancer combined.

However, because women do not usually exhibit the symptoms of a heart attack, a great deal of them choose to ignore their symptoms. According to Grayver, women are more likely to experience exhaustion, tightness in the chest, and discomfort in the abdomen rather than pain in the left arm or the feeling of an elephant resting on their chest. Women are 20 percent more likely than men to pass away during the first five years following a severe heart attack, according to previous research from the American Heart Association. It also mentions that women were less likely to have a cardiologist visit them in the hospital and to be prescribed drugs like beta blockers and cholesterol lowers.

Compared to men, women are diagnosed with depression twice as frequently. Why is the key question? According to the new study’s researchers, women might have more severe and enduring symptoms. This heightened intensity may have an additional impact on lifestyle choices that raise an individual’s risk of having a heart attack. Women also experience more particular health difficulties during menopause and pregnancy. Hormonal fluctuations have the potential to exacerbate mental health conditions like anxiety, depression, and overall stress. The metabolic syndrome, which includes traditional CVD risk factors like high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity, is also substantially more common in women.

REFERENCES:

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/women-with-depression-face-higher-cardiovascular-disease-risk-than-men#Women-and-depression
https://www.hcplive.com/view/women-with-depression-have-greater-cardiovascular-risk-than-men
https://www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com/site/cathlab/news/women-depression-face-higher-cardiovascular-risk-men
https://www.everydayhealth.com/womens-health/women-with-history-of-depression-may-face-greater-risk-of-heart-attack-and-stroke/

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Could an intervention as simple as eye drops treat eye damage in diabetes?

Could an intervention as simple as eye drops treat eye damage in diabetes?

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About 537 million adults worldwide live with diabetes, and 90-95% of these cases are type 2 diabetes. People with diabetes are at increased risk of many health problems, including eye problems. These include diabetic retinopathy trusted source, diabetic macular edema, glaucoma, cataract trusted source, chronic dry eye, and retinal detachment. There is currently no cure for diabetic retinopathy or diabetic macular edema. Current treatment options for both conditions include drugs injected directly into the eye, laser treatment, and eye surgery. Soon, less invasive treatment for diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema may be available in the form of eye drops.

Recently released data from a phase 1b/2a trial of the new treatment showed it to be safe and tolerable, with 100% of participants completing the study. Additionally, the researchers reported a significant reduction in central macular thickness and prevention of further increases in vascular leakage after 85 days of use.

The current standard of care for diabetic macular edema involves anti-VEGF agents in the eye, so new approaches to treating diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema are required, according to the study’s presenting author and manufacturer of new eye drops. entails several injections, which are painful and need clinical time to complete even though they are effective.
A non-invasive approach is required to enhance these patients’ quality of life by promoting comfort and lowering pain levels through self-management. According to Dr. Lhuillier, patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in the early stages of the condition are not given a treatment option other than to wait for their symptoms to get better. It’s possible that the condition won’t worsen due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. When the patient’s condition reaches an advanced stage or they develop diabetic macular edema, anti-VEGF injections are recommended. He said that treating diabetic retinopathy patients with non-invasive, safe, and effective therapies early on will help stop the condition from getting worse. About 7 and a half million Americans are thought to have non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and another 1 and a half million have advanced the disease to more severe forms, which hasten its progression and deteriorates vision. There is a strong motivation to cut back. Dangerous complications.

According to reports, the novel eye drop, known as EXN407, is the first topical treatment for retinal vascular conditions like diabetic macular edema and diabetic retinopathy. The eye drop is a small molecule treatment that employs an inhibitor of serine-arginine protein kinase 1 (SRPK1). Numerous factors contribute to the development of diabetic eye disease, but the primary cause is the overgrowth of blood vessels in the retina. These blood vessels eventually leak, causing subretinal edema to appear and blindness to result. VEGFTrusted Source is a growth factor that causes this phenomenon. According to him, EXN407 is a molecule that only inhibits the members of the family that cause disease, leaving the non-disease-causing members intact, allowing the VEGF to be balanced again. In addition to being more convenient as an eyedrop formulation as opposed to an injection, it provides a more nuanced approach than anti-VEGF agents.

REFERENCES:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332218346705
https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-diabetic-retinopathy
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8591-diabetic-retinopathy
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/could-an-intervention-as-simple-as-eye-drops-treat-eye-damage-in-diabetes#Improvements-in-macular-thickness,-vascular-leakage

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First cell therapy for solid tumors heads to the clinic: what it means for cancer treatment

First cell therapy for solid tumors heads to the clinic: what it means for cancer treatment

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Therapy built on tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes is now being prepared for at least 20 people in the United States with advanced melanoma. More than 35 years after it was invented, a therapy that uses immune cells extracted from a person’s own tumour is finally hitting the clinic. At least 20 people with advanced melanoma have embarked on treatment with what is called tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), which target and kill cancer cells. The regimen, called lifileucel, is the first TIL therapy to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It is the first immune-cell therapy to win FDA approval for treating solid tumours such as melanoma. Doctors already deploy immune cells called CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T cells to treat cancer, but CAR-T therapy is used against only blood cancers such as leukaemia.

The FDA granted approval on 16 February to lifileucel, sold as Amtagvi. The approval is a great accomplishment, He says that it will pave the way for TILs to be used to treat other cancers, including lung and pancreatic tumours, shortly. After a person’s tumour is removed, surgeons send tissue samples to a laboratory that isolates TILs from them and grows the TILs for three weeks until they’ve multiplied into billions of cells. Before the TILs are reinfused back into the treated person, the recipient is given chemotherapy and an immune chemical called interleukin-2 (IL-2) that temporarily kills immune cells to make room for the TILs. For now, lifileucel can be used only as a last-line treatment in people with certain forms of advanced melanoma that haven’t responded to other treatments. But Iovance and others are currently testing lifileucel as a first-line treatment against melanoma. Some evidence suggests that it might be even more effective as a first- or second-line treatment before an aggressive treatment can harm the TILs in tumours.

In Iovance’s trial testing lifileucel in 153 people with melanoma, tumours shrank in 31 percent of the participants. Furthermore, in a second trial conducted in Denmark, 20% of patients receiving TIL therapy experienced complete remission, compared to 7% of patients receiving a different medication. According to Amod Sarnaik, a surgical oncologist who oversaw Iovance’s trial and works at the Moffitt Center in Tampa, Florida, solid tumors typically develop resistance to therapies like chemotherapy. However, Sarnaik claims that often enough “brute force” will defeat the cancer if the majority of the tumor is removed and billions of TILs are infused. The best TILs are then “remembered” by the immune system, which enables it to rapidly expunge them if the cancer returns.

The majority of the adverse effects of the therapy, including fevers and anemia, are related to the IL-2 and chemotherapy administered to patients to get them ready for TIL infusion. TILs target not only tumor cells but also healthy cells. This can lead to autoimmune diseases like vitiligo, where TILs attack pigment cells in the skin, causing discoloration. TILs are naturally occurring, uniquely human cells, much like CAR T cells. However, while CAR T cells are genetically modified to target particular antigens on cancer cells, the specific antigens that each individual’s TILs target are unknown, though it essentially doesn’t matter as long as they are effective for that person. For each patient, the medication is essentially different. The FDA approved Iovance’s method for multiplying TILs and administering them to cancer patients because it is not feasible for the agency to evaluate each patient’s set of TILs. Additionally, since TILs arise spontaneously, businesses can only patent their methods not the cells as a whole. For those of us attempting to devise novel approaches to enhance the procedure, this is welcome news.

REFERENCES:

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00673-w
https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2024/fda-amtagvi-til-therapy-melanoma
https://www.statnews.com/2024/02/16/melanoma-solid-tumor-til-therapy-amtagyi-lifileucel-iovance/
https://molecular-cancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12943-023-01723-z

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How and why does gut health influence heart health?

How and why does gut health influence heart health?

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The connection between gut health and heart health is an emerging area of research, and while the exact mechanisms are still being investigated, several factors suggest an intricate relationship between the two:
Inflammation: A healthy gut microbiome helps maintain a balanced immune response and reduces inflammation throughout the body. Chronic inflammation is a key driver of cardiovascular disease, contributing to the development of conditions such as atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and hypertension (high blood pressure).
Metabolism: The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in metabolizing nutrients and regulating energy balance. Disruption of the gut microbiome, such as through an unhealthy diet or antibiotic use, can lead to metabolic dysfunction, including obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia all of which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Certain beneficial bacteria in the gut produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) through the fermentation of dietary fiber. SCFAs have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and may help regulate blood pressure and cholesterol levels, thereby protecting against cardiovascular disease.
Microbial Metabolites: Gut bacteria produce various metabolites, including trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), which has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular events. TMAO is formed from the breakdown of certain dietary compounds, such as choline and carnitine, and has been associated with the development of atherosclerosis and thrombosis.
Hormonal Regulation: The gut microbiome influences the production and metabolism of hormones involved in cardiovascular health, such as serotonin and bile acids. Alterations in these hormonal pathways can affect blood pressure, heart rate, and vascular function.

Immune System Modulation: The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in training and regulating the immune system. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in gut bacteria, can lead to immune dysfunction and chronic inflammation, which are detrimental to heart health. You are what you eat, goes a common saying. Additionally, fresh studies continue to imply that this theory might be true each year. Scientists have recently directed their attention toward a possible connection between heart and gut health. Physicians already advise patients to consume heart-healthy foods, and experts in the field concur that the gut microbiome including its composition and the toxic byproduct it produces during the metabolism of some foods plays a major role in the relationship between gut health and heart health.

Every expert we spoke with agreed that heart health can be significantly impacted by the gut microbiota. The human digestive tract, particularly the large intestine (colon), is home to a complex community of trillions of microorganisms known as the gut microbiome. These microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Depending on what we feed them, these microorganisms can be either healthy or unhealthy. Any number of our body’s systems could malfunction if they are unhealthy. The microbiome depends on humans for health, just as we do for its own. It is becoming more and more clear that maintaining the health of our microbiome is crucial for all of our organs, including the heart and arteries. We now know that inflammation, particularly in the heart, may be the primary cause of a great deal of health issues these days. One important factor in reducing inflammation is the microbiome.

There’s more and more research coming out that there is a connection between the composition of someone’s gut flora and the microbiome. There’s a connection between the type, distribution, and relative composition of gut bacteria that someone has and an association with their risk factors for heart disease that includes high blood pressure, high cholesterol, [and] obesity

Another way in which the gut microbiome can potentially have harmful effects on the heart is through the production of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). When gut microbes feed on choline found in red meat, poultry, eggs, [and] certain fish they make trimethylamine(TMA), which is absorbed into the body and goes to the liver where it is changed into TMAO, Dr. John P. Higgins, a sports cardiologist at McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) explained. TMAO is bad because it is associated with cholesterol and artery-narrowing plaque in important arteries in the body, especially the coronary arteries which supply blood to the heart. So people with high levels of TMAO are at increased risk of heart attacks or stroke.

Studies have associated TMAO with aspects of inflammation and blood vessel dysfunction, Dr. Chen added. It also promotes foam cells in the blood vessels. All of these different things end up promoting different types of heart disease, such as atherosclerosis, and they can also lead to different aspects of cardiovascular risk factors such as high blood pressure. A study published in October 2019 linked TMAO to disease severity and mortality rate in people with peripheral artery disease. Research published in March 2023 reported an increase of TMAO in blood plasma was an independent predictor for major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in people who experienced acute myocardial infarction (heart attack).

REFERENCES:

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-and-why-does-gut-health-influence-heart-health
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/can-your-gut-health-affect-your-heart
https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/healthy-gut-healthy-heart
https://www.modernheartandvascular.com/the-relationship-between-your-gut-and-heart-health/

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How eczema research on skin bacteria may lead to a treatment for itching

How eczema research on skin bacteria may lead to a treatment for itching

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One of the most upsetting and misunderstood signs of eczema is itching. A recent study examined the condition’s propensity to cause itching using human tissue, animal models, and nerve fibers. The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus may play a significant role in the puzzle, the researchers concluded. They anticipate that their research will eventually result in a variety of skin conditions being treated. Atopic dermatitis, commonly known as eczema, is a prevalent skin condition that impacts approximately 223 million individuals worldwide. Itching is one of the main symptoms. Scratching can temporarily ease the pain, but it can also aggravate inflammation, damage the skin, and raise the risk of skin infections. Carsten Flohr, a professor at Kings College London and a member of the British Association of Dermatologists, said that scratching has a significant impact on the quality of life for those who suffer from eczema. It affects how well people sleep as well as how much they sleep. It also has an impact on children’s enjoyment of school and adults’ social and professional lives. People who have eczema often experience itching as a constant problem, according to National Eczema CEO Andrew Proctor. One of the most challenging aspects of having atopic eczema for the millions of affected children and adults is the constant itching. where the skin is damaged and becomes more itchy as a result of scratching to relieve the itch, increasing the temptation to scratch.

The skin is considered to be the largest organ of the body and plays a myriad of vital roles. It protects against pathogens, dehydration, mechanical damage, and ultraviolet light. It also carries receptors that provide sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch. Importantly for eczema, it also contains receptors called proprioceptors, which produce the sensation of itch.

Like many other parts of the body, the skin is home to a thriving microbial community the skin microbiome, which contains vast numbers of bacteria, fungi, and other microbes. Although there is growing interest in the human microbiome, scientists have a long way to go before they understand its complex roles in health and disease. Your skin bacteria and skin immune system talk to each other and they talk to the bacteria in your gut. Just like with your gut, having a diverse balance is the key to a happy microbiome. Understanding how bacteria interact with each other as well as the skin and the immune system may one day help treat various skin conditions.

When S. aureus was first applied to mice’s skin, the researchers claimed that this increased the animals’ risk of developing dermatitis. Moreover, compared to mice without S. aureus, these mice scratched a lot more. Next, by concentrating on the enzymes that S. aureus produces, researchers aimed to comprehend how the bacteria could cause this itching response. The ten proteases that S. aureus produces were the scientists’ main focus. Protease V8 was eventually found to be the main trigger of the itching response; mice that received V8 injections alone began to scratch. The researchers also demonstrated that eczema-affected skin patches had higher V8 levels than unaffected skin.

REFERENCES:

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/skin-diseases-such-as-eczema-can-cause-sleep-disturbances-study-finds#The-link-between-skin-disease-and-sleep-disturbance
https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/bacteria-therapy-improves-eczema-children
https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/news/20231127/common-bacteria-may-be-cause-itchy-skin-study
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9998-eczema

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Yogurt can help reduce type 2 diabetes risk

Yogurt can help reduce type 2 diabetes risk

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Yogurt has been associated with several health benefits, including a potential reduction in the risk of type 2 diabetes. Several studies have suggested that yogurt consumption may be linked to a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes, possibly due to its nutrient content and its effects on factors such as weight management and insulin sensitivity. Yogurt is a good source of protein, calcium, and probiotics, which are beneficial bacteria that may contribute to gut health. Some research suggests that probiotics may play a role in improving insulin sensitivity and reducing inflammation, which are important factors in the development of type 2 diabetes.

Furthermore, yogurt is low in carbohydrates and has a relatively low glycemic index, meaning it has less of an impact on blood sugar levels compared to high-carbohydrate foods. Including yogurt as part of a balanced diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins may help reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. However, it’s essential to note that while yogurt can be a healthy addition to the diet, it’s not a guarantee against developing type 2 diabetes. Other lifestyle factors, such as maintaining a healthy weight, staying physically active, and avoiding smoking, also play crucial roles in diabetes prevention. Always consult with a healthcare professional for personalized dietary recommendations and diabetes prevention strategies.

Manufacturers of yogurt are permitted by federal regulators to make restricted statements on their packaging suggesting that yogurt could lower the risk of type 2 diabetes. According to the officials, specific language can be used to make qualified health claims as long as it is made clear that the claims are supported by scant data. According to experts, the decision might be perplexing for customers, who might read the label incorrectly and believe that yogurt is a foolproof method of lowering type 2 diabetes.

According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), yogurt manufacturers can now assert that consuming yogurt made from dairy products regularly may lower your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The FDA selects which health claims are approved when manufacturers’ claims are substantiated by enough data. Manufacturers of yogurt are not allowed to suggest unless they have a valid health claim that eating yogurt lowers the risk of diabetes on their products or in their advertising. They can now converse with one in three adult Americans, though, who may be thinking about changing their diet to improve their health and have prediabetes. Before you reach for a spoon, here are some things to know about the new claim and whether it applies to your favorite yogurt.

Based on 28 observational studies that suggest a potential association between regular yogurt consumption and a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes, a new qualified health claim was developed that centers around yogurt. The yogurt health claim, like other qualified health claims, can only be explained to customers in extremely precise and authorized language. For instance: Consuming yogurt regularly at least two cups, or three servings may lower the risk of type 2 diabetes. The FDA has determined that the evidence for this claim is weak. Based on limited scientific evidence, eating yogurt regularly at least 2 cups (3 servings) per week may lower the risk of type 2 diabetes. For the claim which is limited to dairy-based yogurt products to be deemed compliant with the enforcement discretion, it must additionally contain language regarding two cups (or three servings) per week.

1.4 million new cases of diabetes are diagnosed in the US each year, making it one of the top 10 causes of death. Type 2 diabetes accounts for the great majority of these cases; fortunately, lifestyle modifications like increasing physical activity and eating more nutrient-rich foods can reduce the risk of this condition. Yogurt doesn’t seem to directly lower blood sugar or insulin sensitivity, although blood sugar is a major factor in type 2 diabetes and diet plays a part in management. That being said, yogurt still has health benefits for those who are susceptible to the illness. Even though more research is required to fully understand how yogurt may lower the risk of type 2 diabetes, Hackworth said that researchers have a few theories, including “pointing to the overall complexity of yogurt and its matrix of proteins, fats, and micronutrients which may have bioactive activities that contribute to lower risk of type 2 diabetes.” Yogurt is a nutrient-dense food that provides a good or excellent source of nine essential nutrients: calcium, protein, phosphorus, vitamin B12, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, zinc, selenium, and iodine. The whey protein in dairy products and live, active cultures may also have an impact on the risk of diabetes, according to research cited by Hackworth. Some research supports these theories. Yogurt is a fermented food containing live cultures, to start.

Through a number of different mechanisms, yogurt may help reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. Probiotics are good bacteria that are found in yogurt and can have a positive impact on gut health. Probiotics have been linked to decreased inflammation and increased insulin sensitivity, both of which are critical elements in the onset of type 2 diabetes. Nutrient Content: Protein, calcium, and other important nutrients can be found in good amounts in yogurt. As part of a balanced diet, nutrient-rich foods like yogurt can support general health and may help lower the risk of chronic illnesses like type 2 diabetes. Low Glycemic Index: Yogurt usually has a low glycemic index, which means that consuming it doesn’t quickly raise blood sugar levels. Selecting foods with a lower glycemic index may lower the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes while also assisting in blood sugar regulation. Weight management: Consuming yogurt may help with weight management, according to some research. Since obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, maintaining a healthy weight is crucial to preventing the disease. Calcium: A vital component of many bodily metabolic processes, yogurt is a good source of this mineral. According to certain research, the risk of type 2 diabetes may be negatively correlated with the amount of calcium consumed. Overall, adding yogurt to a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and other nutrients will help you achieve a balanced diet.

REFERENCES:

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/fda-allowing-labels-that-claim-yogurt-can-help-reduce-type-2-diabetes-risk
https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/yogurt-may-reduce-type-2-diabetes-risk/
https://www.verywellhealth.com/yogurt-diabetes-qualified-health-claim-8605480#:~:text=The%20FDA%20is%20allowing%20food,you%20won’t%20develop%20diabetes.

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The Relationship Between Pesticides and Parkinson’s

The Relationship Between Pesticides and Parkinson’s

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A discussion of how environmental factors, such as pesticides, may affect your risk of Parkinson’s disease. During my recent interview on Wisconsin Public Radio, many of the callers asked questions related to the environmental risks of Parkinson’s disease (PD), specifically, exposures related to farming. Those calls prompted me to delve further into this complicated and murky topic. Before we start discussing specific factors in the environment that may increase the risk of PD, let’s understand some basic ground rules that will help put this topic in perspective person’s genetic makeup is likely more important in determining whether he or she develops PD than any environmental risk factor. This is probably the case even in a person without a known family history of PD. However, environmental exposure may be important in triggering the disease in a person genetically susceptible to it.
It is important to note that any particular environmental exposure that we will talk about, typically increases the risk of PD by a very small amount. The risk will also depend on dosage and frequency of exposure, which means that a small and/or infrequent exposure may have a very small impact on PD risk.

Certain chemical exposures, like coffee or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, seem to lower the risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD). All of the variables that can raise or lower a person’s risk for Parkinson’s disease must be considered to fully determine their risk. There are probably other chemicals in our environment that affect the risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD) as well. These chemicals are not yet well studied, so I won’t discuss them here. Being in a modern society exposes us to a wide range of chemicals, the risks of which we are not fully aware. Given this context, let’s get started. Research from the 1980s indicated that early exposure to a rural environment and well water was linked to the development of Parkinson’s disease (PD) in later life. These questions were then the subject of numerous more investigations. Although the results of the studies are inconsistent, overall the evidence points to links between each of the following factors and an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease: drinking well water, living in a rural area, working as a farmer, exposure to farm animals, and living on a farm.

Naturally, there is a connection between all of these categories because farmers use pesticides, drink well water, and are more likely than urban residents to live on farms in rural areas where they are also exposed to farm animals. The goal of the studies was to determine why living in a rural area raised the risk of Parkinson’s disease. Is there a higher risk for people who live on farms, or is it just a part of living there? Is it because of pesticide exposure, well water exposure, animal exposure, or something else related to living in a rural area?

Ultimately, the claim that each of these factors raises the risk of Parkinson’s disease is supported by epidemiologic data. It should be noted that all of the elevated risks in these studies are negligible, typically 1-2 times higher than the risk in the general population. A recent study attempted to revisit this issue because farming life has changed since the majority of studies regarding Parkinson’s disease and rural living were conducted decades ago. There is less reliance on well water in rural communities, there has been a significant migration from rural to urban areas, and there is a decrease in the use of pesticides. The incidence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) in rural versus urban areas was examined in a recent study that was done in Finland. Curiously, being a rural resident is still associated with PD risk. Probably, the environmental exposures from decades ago are still reflected in the diagnoses of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and future research may reveal additional benefits from risk reduction in rural areas brought about by a decline in pesticide use and other farming-related changes. However, the study raises the possibility that our knowledge of the relationship between Parkinson’s risk and rural living is still incomplete.

Since data on this topic is often collected in large populations, it raises the question of which specific pesticides are most concerning given the evidence linking pesticide use to an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Frequently, study participants are unaware of the precise pesticide exposures they have had. This makes figuring out which pesticides to stay away from challenging. However, some research was able to look into the dangers of particular substances. The most recent review summed up what is currently known about this subject. Paraquat has the most data connecting it to an elevated risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD); exposure to it is linked to a 2-3-fold increased risk of PD over the general population. A very thorough study looked at the relationship between the risk of Parkinson’s disease and exposure to thirty-one pesticides. The two pesticides that should worry people the most, according to the data, are rotenone and paraquat. Reactive oxygen species are intracellular chemicals that produce oxidative stress and cause cell damage. This is how paraquat works. The way rotenone works is by causing damage to the mitochondria, which are responsible for producing energy necessary for cell survival. It’s interesting to note that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are prevalent themes in our understanding of what ultimately leads to nerve cell death in Parkinson’s disease.

Several pesticides have been associated with an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease, including:

  1. Paraquat: This herbicide has been strongly linked to an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease. Exposure to paraquat has been shown to induce oxidative stress and damage dopaminergic neurons, which are the cells primarily affected in Parkinson’s disease.
  2. Rotenone: Another pesticide, rotenone, has also been implicated in the development of Parkinson’s disease. Rotenone works by inhibiting mitochondrial function and increasing oxidative stress, leading to neuronal damage similar to that seen in Parkinson’s disease.
  3. Organochlorine pesticides: Some studies have suggested a potential link between exposure to organochlorine pesticides, such as dieldrin and lindane, and an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease. These pesticides have been shown to accumulate in the brain and may contribute to neurodegeneration.
  4. Organophosphate pesticides: Exposure to certain organophosphate pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos and diazinon, has also been associated with an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease. Organophosphates can interfere with neurotransmitter function and may contribute to the development of Parkinson’s disease through various mechanisms.

It’s important to note that while these pesticides have been associated with an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease, not everyone exposed to them will develop the condition. Parkinson’s disease is likely influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and pesticide exposure may represent one piece of the puzzle. Additionally, more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between pesticide exposure and Parkinson’s disease.

REFERENCES:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5683846/
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(23)00255-3/fulltext#section-3d6acba1-acea-4be2-8dc9-b7e14e5b6583
https://www.apdaparkinson.org/article/the-relationship-between-pesticides-and-parkinsons/

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FDA Approves Semaglutide for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction

FDA Approves Semaglutide for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction

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The FDA has approved Wegovy, an anti-obesity drug, for reducing cardiovascular risk in adults with overweight or obesity and established cardiovascular disease. The label expansion now allows for the once-weekly injection of semaglutide 2.4 mg to be used to reduce risks for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). These events include cardiovascular death, nonfatal heart attack, or nonfatal stroke. The drug should be used in combination with a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity. This approval makes Wegovy the first weight loss medication to also help prevent life-threatening cardiovascular events in adults with cardiovascular disease and either obesity or overweight, according to the FDA with type 2 diabetes.

Several clinical trials, including the SUSTAIN and PIONEER trials, have demonstrated that semaglutide can reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in people with type 2 diabetes who are at high risk for cardiovascular disease. These trials have shown a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular death in participants treated with semaglutide compared to those treated with a placebo or other diabetes medications.

The exact mechanisms by which semaglutide reduces cardiovascular risk are not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to its effects on blood sugar control, body weight, blood pressure, and other metabolic factors. Additionally, semaglutide may have direct effects on the cardiovascular system, such as reducing inflammation and improving vascular function. Overall, the cardiovascular benefits of semaglutide make it an important treatment option for individuals with type 2 diabetes who are at high risk for cardiovascular disease. However, as with any medication, it’s essential to discuss the potential risks and benefits with your healthcare provider to determine if semaglutide is the right choice for you.

This patient population has a higher risk of cardiovascular death, heart attack, and stroke. Providing a treatment option that is proven to lower this cardiovascular risk is a major advance for public health, he added. The approval was based on results from the 3-year SELECT trial, which randomly assigned 17,604 patients with cardiovascular disease and body mass index 27 to weekly semaglutide or placebo. None of the patients had diabetes, although two-thirds met prediabetes criteria. The incidence of MACEs was reduced by 20% with the drug. The label will also reflect the risk reduction of 15% for cardiovascular death and 19% for death from any cause. Participants also lost a mean of 9.4% of body weight over the first 2 years with semaglutide vs 0.88% with placebo.

Adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment occurred in 16.6% in the semaglutide group, mostly gastrointestinal effects, and in 8.2% in the placebo group. The maker of the weight loss medication, Novo Nordisk, has also filed for a label expansion in the European Union, with a decision expected in 2024. 

Wegovy is now the first weight loss medication to also be approved to help prevent life-threatening cardiovascular events in adults with cardiovascular disease and either obesity or overweight, This patient population has a higher risk of cardiovascular death, heart attack, and stroke. Providing a treatment option that is proven to lower this cardiovascular risk is a major advance for public health.

Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor antagonist, a class of medications that has gathered much media attention as of late.1 The FDA said that semaglutide should not be used in combination with other medication containing semaglutide or other GLP-1 receptor agonists.
The approval was based on efficacy and safety in the multicentered, placebo-controlled, double-blind SELECT (NCT03574597) trial, which had over 17,600 individuals in the cohort. Treatment was randomized between semaglutide or the placebo, with both groups receiving standard-of-care treatment, including management of blood pressure and cholesterol, and healthy lifestyle counseling, including diet and physical activity, according to the FDA. Investigators of the study found that semaglutide significantly reduced the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) such as CVD death, heart attack, and stroke, which occurred in 6.5% of individuals in the semaglutide group compared with 8% of those in the placebo group.

The FDA approved Wegovy (semaglutide) for a new use: reducing the risk of cardiovascular (CV) death, heart attack, and stroke in adults with both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and overweight or obesity. Wegovy is the first weight-loss medication approved for this specific purpose. It should be used alongside a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity.

REFERENCES:

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/fda-approves-semaglutide-cardiovascular-risk-reduction-2024a10004ix?src=&form=fpf
https://www.dicardiology.com/content/fda-approves-wegovy-cardiovascular-risk-reduction-adults-known-heart-disease-and-overweight
https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/fda-approves-semaglutide-for-new-indication-involving-cardiovascular-disease

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