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Important note on causes and treatment for brain cancer.

Important note on causes and treatment for brain cancer.

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The development of malignant cells in the brain leads to brain cancer. Depending on the type of tumour, the cancer cells produce slow- or fast-growing tumours.

The goal of brain cancer treatment is to remove the tumour and then eradicate any cancer cells that may still be present. In particular for slow-growing tumours, new advancements in brain cancer therapies are increasing survival rates.

What is brain cancer?

Primary brain cancer, commonly referred to as brain cancer, is characterised by an excess of brain cells that develops into masses known as brain tumours. Cancer, on the other hand, begins in another place of the body and progresses to the brain. It is referred to as secondary or metastasized brain cancer when that occurs.

Some malignant brain tumours have a rapid rate of growth. These cancerous tumours may interfere with how your body functions. Brain tumours should be treated as soon as they are discovered since they can be fatal.

Brain tumours are rather rare. People have a less than 1% lifetime chance of getting a malignant brain tumour, according to estimates from the American Cancer Society.

Types of brain tumors

Names for brain tumours are determined by their location within the brain or upper spine. A grade is also assigned to tumours. You can determine the projected rate of growth of a tumour by looking at its grade. Grades range from one to four, with four being the fastest-growing grades and one being the slowest.

The following are some of the most prevalent kinds of brain tumours:

  • Glioma. About 3 out of 10 occurrences of brain cancer are gliomas, which are brain tumours that start in the glial cells.
  • Astrocytoma. Glioblastomas, the kind of quickly-expanding brain tumour, are a subtype of astrocytomas.
  • Meningioma. Meningioma tumours, the most prevalent kind of brain tumour in adults, develop in the tissue that surrounds your brain and spinal cord and are frequently benign and slow-growing.
  • Ganglioglioma. Surgery is typically used to treat the slow-growing tumours known as gangliogliomas that are present in glial and neuronal cells.
  • Craniopharyngiomas. Craniopharyngiomas are slow-growing tumours that develop between the pituitary gland and the brain. Because they frequently encroach on the optic nerves, they can impair eyesight.
  • Schwannomas. Almost typically benign, schwannomas are slow-growing tumours that develop around the cranial nerves.
  • Medulloblastoma. Children are more likely to develop medulloblastomas, which are rapidly developing tumours that develop on the nerve cells in the brain.

Symptoms of brain cancer

The size and location of the brain tumour affect the symptoms of brain cancer. Particularly in its early stages, brain cancer exhibits many of the same symptoms as a number of less dangerous diseases.

Numerous of these symptoms are extremely typical and are not likely to be signs of brain cancer. However, it’s a good idea to see a doctor if you’ve had any of these symptoms for longer than a week, if they came on suddenly, if they don’t go away with over-the-counter painkillers, or if any of them worry you.

Typical signs of brain cancer include:

  • morning headaches that are typically worse
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • a miscommunication
  • a loss of equilibrium
  • having trouble walking
  • Memory problems
  • having trouble thinking
  • speech issues
  • vision issues
  • personality alters
  • inconsistent eye motions
  • body jerking
  • muscle jerking
  • unexpected fainting or syncope
  • drowsiness
  • tingling or numbness in the arms or legs
  • seizures

Early diagnosis significantly improves the prognosis for brain cancer. If you frequently suffer any of the aforementioned symptoms or suspect that your symptoms may be more serious, schedule an appointment with a doctor right away for a diagnosis.

Causes and risk factors

Primary brain cancer has an unidentified specific cause. However, studies have connected excessive ionising radiation exposure to a higher chance of developing brain cancer. The most frequent sources of ionising radiation include radiation therapy treatments, frequent medical imaging tests (CT scans and X-rays), and potential employment exposure.

Additional factors that could increase the risk of acquiring brain cancer include:

  • greater age
  • a history of brain cancer in the family
  • chronic smoking
  • being exposed to fertilisers, pesticides, and herbicides
  • working with substances like lead, plastic, rubber, petroleum, and some textiles that might cause cancer
  • having mononucleosis or Epstein-Barr virus infection

Secondary brain cancer Some types of cancer are more likely than others to cause brain cancer, which develops when cancer that started in another part of your body travels to your brain.

The following cancers frequently metastasis, or spread, to the brain:

  • lung disease
  • mammary cancer
  • renal cancer
  • urethral cancer
  • melanoma, a form of skin cancer

How is brain cancer treated?

Brain cancer can be treated in a number of ways. A primary brain cancer will be treated differently than a cancer that has spread to other organs.

The kind, size, and location of your brain tumour will determine whether you receive one therapy or more. There will also be considerations for your age and general health.

Treatments for brain tumours include:

Surgery.

The most frequent form of treatment for brain tumours is brain surgery. Depending on the tumor’s position, it might be possible to remove it whole, partially, or not at all.

Chemotherapy.

These medications can reduce your tumour and kill brain cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be administered orally or intravenously.

Radiation treatment. 

Using high-energy waves like X-rays, this procedure eliminates cancer cells and tumour tissue that can’t be removed surgically.

Combination treatment.

Combination therapy refers to the simultaneous administration of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Biologic medicines

These medications support, guide, or restore your body’s natural tumour defences. For instance, immunotherapy is a class of biologic medication that is frequently prescribed and increases your immune system’s capacity to recognise and combat cancer.

Other medicines.

To treat symptoms and adverse effects brought on by your brain tumour and brain cancer therapies, your doctor may prescribe drugs.

Clinical studies.

Clinical trial medicines and drugs may be employed in advanced brain cancer instances that don’t respond to treatment. These are medications that are still being tested. An immunotherapy trial and a CAR T cell therapy trial may be part of clinical trials for brain cancer.

Rehabilitation.

If your disease or treatment have made it difficult for you to speak, walk, or perform other daily tasks, you might need to go to rehabilitation sessions. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other types of therapies are all included in rehabilitation. These treatments can assist you in relearnng activities.

Various forms of treatment.

There isn’t much evidence to back up the use of complementary medicines to treat brain cancer. To make up for the nutrients lost during cancer treatment, some medical specialists do advise taking measures like following a bland diet and taking vitamin and mineral supplements. 

Before making any dietary changes, using any herbs or supplements, or pursuing any alternative treatments, see your doctor.

How to reduce your risk of brain cancer?

Although there is no known way to prevent brain cancer, you can lower your risk by staying away from:

  • pesticide and insecticide exposure
  • exposure to cancer-causing substances
  • smoking
  • radiation exposure that is not essential

REFERENCES:

  • https://www.healthline.com/health/brain-cancer
  • https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/brain-cancer
  • https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20350084

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Recognizing potential signs and symptoms of throat cancer.

Recognizing potential signs and symptoms of throat cancer.

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Cancer is a group of disorders in which the body’s aberrant cells uncontrolled proliferate and divide. Tumors are malignant growths made up of these cells. Oftentimes, when individuals refer to throat cancer, they imply cancer of the:

  • gullet
  • windpipe
  • thyroid hormone

Typically, doctors do not refer to throat cancer. Instead, they speak of head and neck malignancies. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) refers to these as:

  • Pharyngeal cancer is frequently referred to as oropharyngeal cancer together with oral cavity cancer.
  • throat cancer

Compared to other malignancies, throat cancer is rather rare. Oropharyngeal cancer represents around 2.8 percent of all cancer cases and 1.8 percent of all cancer-related deaths, according to the NCI. In the general population, there is a 1.2 percent probability of being diagnosed with one of these malignancies.

Around 0.7 percent of new cancer cases and 0.6 percent of cancer-related fatalities are caused by laryngeal cancer. This form of cancer is predicted to emerge in about 0.3 percent of people.

Types of throat cancer

Type will determine the course of treatment and prognosis for cancer. Which type of cancer cell is present will be revealed by a biopsy. Squamous cell carcinoma, which affects the flat cells lining the throat, is the most prevalent type of throat cancer.

There are two primary types of throat cancer:

Pharyngeal cancer

The pharynx, a hollow tube that extends from beyond the nose to the top of the windpipe, is where this cancer grows. The following are pharyngeal malignancies that manifest in the throat and neck:

  • nasopharynx cancer (upper part of the throat)
  • oropharynx cancer (middle part of the throat)
  • hypopharynx cancer (bottom part of the throat)

Laryngeal cancer

The larynx, or voice box, is where this cancer develops. Cancer may manifest in:

  • supraglottis (part of the larynx above the vocal cords)
  • glottis (part of the larynx around the vocal cords)
  • subglottis (part of the larynx below the vocal cords
  • hypolarynx (below the larynx)

Signs and symptoms of throat cancer

Typical warning signs and symptoms of throat cancer include:

  • alteration in your voice
  • difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
  • slim down
  • unwell throat
  • a persistent want to swallow your food
  • prolonged and potentially bloody cough
  • neck lymph nodes that are enlarged
  • wheezing
  • ears hurt
  • hoarseness

Make an appointment with a doctor if any of these symptoms appear and persist.

Causes and risk of throat cancer

The risk factors for throat cancer can vary depending on the type, however the following are some things that could make you more likely to get laryngeal and oropharyngeal cancer:

  • smoking
  • high levels of alcohol use
  • consuming little fruit and veg
  • asbestos exposure, in cases of laryngeal cancer
  • chewing gutka and betel nut when suffering from oropharyngeal cancer
  • a large body mass
  • being more advanced, as these tumours typically develop beyond age 50
  • having inherited genetic disorders like Fanconi anaemia or dyskeratosis congenita
  • possessing specific human papillomavirus types (HPV)
  • Oral hygiene practises could be a factor.

According to the American Cancer Society, those who smoke and drink heavily are about 30 times more likely to acquire oropharyngeal cancer than those who don’t, and they’re also significantly more likely to develop laryngeal cancer (ACS).

Approximately 10% of men and 3.6% of women have oral HPV, a sexually transmitted disease, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). According to the CDC, HPV may be to blame for almost 70% of oropharyngeal cancer cases in the country.

Males are more prone than females to get laryngeal or oropharyngeal cancer. Statistics from the NCI show that while white individuals have a higher percentage overall, Black men have a far greater rate than both all females and men of other races.

According to a 2014 study, the disparity in laryngeal cancer survival rates between American males of colour and whites increased rather than decreased between 1975 and 2002. According to the study’s authors, possible causes include socioeconomic circumstances, a later stage of diagnosis, and a lack of access to effective therapy.

Preventing throat cancer

Although throat cancer cannot always be prevented, there are things you may take to lower your risk:

  • Avoid or give up smoking and using tobacco.
  • track your alcohol consumption
  • reduce your intake of added fats, sweets, and highly processed foods while consuming a nutrient-rich diet that emphasises fresh fruits and vegetables.
  • maintain a regular exercise schedule
  • To help lower your risk of developing an oral HPV infection, talk to your doctor about obtaining the HPV vaccine.

The NCI states that the highest risk factor for acquiring these malignancies is a combination of smoking and alcohol consumption. Thus, the two main approaches to prevent head and neck cancers are to limit alcohol use and quit smoking.

Treatment options for throat cancer

You’ll receive treatment from and have input from a variety of specialists, including:

  • a surgeon who specialises in cancer who performs operations like removing tumours
  • a radiation oncologist who uses radiation therapy to treat your cancer
  • a pathologist who analyses tissue samples taken from your biopsy
  • during a biopsy or surgery, an anesthesiologist will give anaesthetic and keep track of your health.

Options for treating throat carcinoma include:

  • surgery
  • radiation treatment
  • chemotherapy

Depending on the cancer’s stage and other considerations, your doctor may recommend a different course of treatment.

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How dangerous is Retinoblastoma for babies and toddlers?

How dangerous is Retinoblastoma for babies and toddlers?

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The retina is where Retinoblastoma, an eye cancer, first appears (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of your eye). Children younger than five are most frequently affected by it. Adults and older children can occasionally contract it as well.

Even though retinoblastoma is the most frequent cancer in children, it is still uncommon. Only 200 to 300 kids are diagnosed with retinoblastoma annually in the United States. It affects both males and girls equally, regardless of race or ethnicity. One or both eyes may develop retinoblastoma.

Early detection of this eye cancer is crucial because it is frequently treatable.

What is retinoblastoma?

The thin layer of light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of your eye is called the retina. It is in charge of absorbing light, converting it into neural impulses, and transmitting these signals as images to your brain.

Retinoblasts are cells that develop into the retina’s nerve cells throughout development. Retinoblastoma can develop if some of these cells proliferate uncontrollably. When the nerve cells (neurons) that form the retina have genetic alterations, retinoblastoma develops.

Retinal neurons divide and grow very quickly in the early stages of a child’s development until they eventually halt. These genetic abnormalities cause retinal neurons to proliferate and divide uncontrollably in children, leading to the development of tumours.

Young children are most at risk for having retinoblastoma because their neurons develop so quickly. In actuality, retinoblastoma typically affects children under the age of 6 and is diagnosed at an average age of 2 in those who do.

How does retinoblastoma develop?

Long before birth, the development of the eyes begins. Retinoblasts are cells that exist in the early stages of eye development and replicate to produce new retinal cells. These cells eventually cease proliferating and develop into mature retinal cells.

It happens very infrequently for this process to go awry. Some retinoblasts don’t mature; instead, they grow uncontrollably and develop into the malignancy retinoblastoma.

Retinoblastoma is caused by a complicated series of cellular events, but it virtually invariably begins with a change (mutation) in the RB1 gene. A mutation in the RB1 gene prevents it from functioning as it should, despite the fact that the normal RB1 gene aids in preventing uncontrolled cell growth. There are two main forms of retinoblastomas that can develop depending on where and when the RB1 gene is altered.

What causes retinoblastoma?

Retinoblastoma comes in two varieties: inheritable and sporadic. They stem from several causes. Let’s examine each in greater depth.

Inherited Retinoblastoma

Approximately one-third of all cases of retinoblastoma are inherited. In this type, not just a child’s retinal cells but every cell in their body has cancerous abnormalities.

The majority of the time, these mutations are acquired relatively early in a child’s development, but occasionally, they are passed down from one of the parents. The two eyes are most frequently affected by this kind of retinoblastoma (bilateral retinoblastoma).

There is a possibility that you will convey the retinoblastoma-causing gene to your offspring if you carry it. Because of this, it’s crucial to consult a genetic counsellor if you have ever received a diagnosis for this ailment and intend to become a parent.

Sporadic Retinoblastoma

A child will not have retinoblastoma mutations in every cell in their body in the remaining two-thirds of retinoblastoma cases. Instead, one retinal neuron in one of their eyes experiences a mutation that causes it to divide uncontrollably, which is when their cancer initially manifests.

You cannot pass sporadic retinoblastoma on to your offspring. It’s unclear what causes the genetic changes that lead to retinoblastoma in children, whether it’s inheritable or sporadic. It’s crucial to keep in mind that there are no recognised risk factors for this illness, thus there was nothing you could have done to stop the condition from afflicting your child.

A youngster must, however, undergo early screening if there is a family history of retinoblastoma.

Symptoms of Retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma typically affects infants and young children, therefore its symptoms aren’t always immediately noticeable. You might spot some of the following symptoms in your child:

  • Instead of the traditional red reflex, leukocoria, a white reaction that develops as light enters the pupil, or a white mass behind one or both pupils that is frequently observed when a flash shot is taken
  • Eyes that strabismus, or gaze in various directions (crossed eyes)
  • redness and swollen eyes
  • Nystagmus, or uncontrollable, repetitive eye movements
  • bad vision

Other symptoms are possible, but they are often less prevalent. Make an appointment with your child’s paediatrician if you see any of these signs or any other changes in one or both of your child’s eyes that worry you.

How is retinoblastoma treated?

Each patient’s retinoblastoma treatment is unique. It relies on a number of variables, such as:

  • the tumor’s size
  • the tumor’s location
  • whether only one eye is impacted or both
  • stage of the tumour and whether it has migrated to tissues away from the eye (metastasis)
  • age and general well-being

Retinoblastoma treatments include:

  • chemotherapy
  • Cryotherapy, sometimes called cold therapy
  • laser treatment
  • radiation treatment
  • Enucleation, or the removal of the afflicted eye via surgery

To get the best outcomes, doctors occasionally combine various therapies.

Treatment for retinoblastoma that only affects one eye relies on whether the eye’s vision can be preserved. If the tumour affects both eyes, surgeons will attempt to preserve some vision by saving at least one eye.

The objectives of treatment for retinoblastoma are:

  • to preserve the kid’s life
  • eradicate cancer
  • to try and keep the eye
  • keeping as much of the vision as feasible

to reduce the chance of treatment adverse effects, particularly radiation therapy, as it could raise the likelihood that a kid would later get another form of cancer.

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Important note on Leukemia and its different types.

Important note on Leukemia and its different types.

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A malignancy of the bone marrow or blood that creates blood cells is called leukaemia. When blood cell synthesis is compromised, leukaemia results. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are typically affected.

Leukemia is the most prevalent malignancy in people under the age of 15 but more frequently affects persons over the age of 55. In 2022, leukaemia will be diagnosed in 60,650 people in the United States, according to the National Cancer Institute. Additionally, it forecasts that leukaemia will result in 24,000 fatalities in the same year.

Leukemia comes in various forms, and each variety has a varied prognosis. Acute leukaemia appears fast and progresses quickly, but chronic leukaemia worsens over time.

How does leukemia develop?

The delicate, spongy bone marrow, where your body creates blood cells, is where leukaemia first manifests itself. Before becoming fully developed, blood cells go through a number of phases. mature, healthy blood cells consist of:

These blood cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells (hemo = blood, poiesis = produce). Myeloid (MAI-uh-loyd) or lymphoid (LIM-foyd) cells can be formed from stem cells. The adult forms of blood cells, if normal development were to continue, are as follows:

  • Red blood cells, platelets, and several types of white blood cells can all be produced from Myeloid cells (basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils).
  • Certain white blood cells can arise from Lymphoid cells (lymphocytes and natural killer cells).

However, one of the growing blood cells starts to multiply uncontrollably if you have leukaemia. These aberrant cells, also known as leukaemia cells, start to occupy the available space in your bone marrow. They stifle the growth of cells that are trying to become healthy platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells.

How does leukemia affect my body?

Multiple factors make it detrimental to have an excessive number of leukaemia cells compared to normal cells:

  • You cannot be healthy while having leukaemia cells in your body.
  • Leukemia cells overrun healthy blood cells in your bone marrow, leaving them with very little room and support to develop and reproduce.
  • Your body produces and releases less healthy white blood cells, platelets, and red blood cells into your blood. As a result, the organs and tissues of your body won’t receive the oxygen they require to function correctly. Additionally, your body won’t be able to create blood clots as necessary or fight infections.

Different types of leukemia

Leukemia comes in four primary subtypes and four main kinds. Leukemia is divided into many categories by medical professionals based on how quickly the illness progresses and if leukaemia cells develop from lymphoid or myeloid cells.

Classifications of leukaemia

Leukemia is categorised by medical professionals depending on how quickly it advances and the type of blood cell involved.

By rate of illness development

Acute leukaemia. The leukaemia cells divide swiftly, and the illness advances rapidly. Within weeks of the leukaemia cells developing, you will begin to feel unwell if you have acute leukaemia. Acute leukaemia is a serious condition that needs to be treated very away. The most frequent type of cancer in youngsters is acute leukaemia.

Chronic leukaemia.  These leukaemia cells frequently exhibit both immature and adult blood cell behaviours. Some cells mature to the point where they perform the intended functions, but not to the same degree as their healthy counterparts. Compared to acute leukaemia, the disease normally deteriorates gradually. If you have chronic leukaemia, you could go years without experiencing any symptoms. Compared to children, adults are more likely to develop chronic leukaemia.

By the type of cell

Myeloid cells give rise to myelogenous leukaemia, often known as myeloid leukaemia. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are produced by healthy myeloid cells.

Lymphoid cells give rise to lymphhocytic leukaemia. Normal lymphoid cells mature into white blood cells, which play a crucial role in the immune system of your body.

Types of Leukemia

The four primary kinds of leukaemia are as follows:

Acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL): The most prevalent form of leukaemia in children, teenagers, and young adults up to age 39 is acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL). Adults of any age can be impacted by ALL.

Acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML): Adults with acute leukaemia most frequently develop acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML). Older folks are more susceptible to it (those over 65). AML can also affect youngsters.

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL): Adults most frequently develop chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), which is a type of blood cancer (mostly in people over 65). With CLL, symptoms may take years to manifest.

Chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML): Although it can afflict adults of any age, chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) is more prevalent in older adults, with a prevalence peak in those over 65. Children hardly ever experience it. With CML, symptoms could not show up for several years.

Causes of Leukemia

When the DNA of growing blood cells, primarily white blood cells, is harmed, leukaemia develops. The result is an uncontrollable growth and division of the blood cells.

Healthy blood cells typically expire after a certain amount of time and are replaced by new cells that form in the bone marrow. In leukaemia, the blood cells develop too quickly, don’t work properly, and don’t naturally expire at a certain point in their lifespan. Instead, they expand and take up more room.

Cancer cells start to overpopulate the blood as the bone marrow creates more of them, which stops the healthy white blood cells from developing and performing appropriately. Red blood cells and platelets are also impacted by this. In the blood, malignant cells eventually outweigh healthy cells.

Symptoms of leukemia

Leukemia symptoms can include the following:

  • profuse perspiration, particularly at night (sometimes known as “night sweats”)
  • Inability to recover from weariness and weakness with rest
  • unintended loss of weight
  • bone soreness and sensitivity
  • swelling, painless lymph nodes (especially in the neck and armpits)
  • enlarged spleen or liver
  • Petechiae are rashes on the skin that are red.
  • bruising and bleeding rapidly
  • cold or fever
  • many infections

Organs that the cancer cells have invaded or impacted by leukaemia can also exhibit symptoms. For instance, the following may occur if the cancer spreads to the central nervous system:

The kind and severity of the leukaemia determine how aggressively the cancer spreads. Leukemia can also expand to several body regions, such as the following:

  • lungs
  • the digestive system
  • heart
  • kidneys
  • testicles

Treatment for Leukemia

Options for treatment will depend on:

  • which form of leukaemia
  • age of the individual
  • their general wellbeing

The following are some possible treatments a doctor might suggest:

  • keeping a close eye out for slow-growing leukaemias like CLL and HCL
  • chemotherapy
  • radiation treatment
  • targeted treatment
  • immunotherapy
  • transplant of bone marrow
  • surgical removal of the spleen
  • chemotherapy combined with stem cell transplant

This will be customised by a cancer care team based on the type of leukaemia. Early intervention increases the likelihood of successful treatment.

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What are the symptoms and causes of Melanoma?

What are the symptoms and causes of Melanoma?

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What is melanoma?

The most dangerous kind of skin cancer is melanoma, which means “black tumour” in Latin. It spreads easily to any organ and expands swiftly. Melanocytes, which are skin cells, are the source of melanoma. Melanin, a dark pigment that gives skin its colour, is produced by these cells. However, some melanomas are pink, red, purple, or skin-colored. Melanomas are often black or brown in hue.

The majority of melanomas start in normal skin, however about 30% start in moles that already exist. Given that the majority of melanomas don’t begin as moles, it is crucial to remain alert to changes in your skin. Your skin’s propensity to acquire melanoma may, however, be predicted in part by the number of moles you have. Finding out if you belong to a melanoma skin cancer risk category is crucial.

Due to melanomas’ rapid rate of growth, delaying treatment might occasionally mean the difference between life and death. Since melanomas have a 99% cure rate if identified in the earliest stages, knowing your risk might help you be especially alert in detecting changes in your skin and obtaining skin checks. Early identification is crucial since the depth of the malignant development directly affects the effectiveness of the treatment.

How common is melanoma?

Though it only accounts for around 1% of all skin malignancies, melanoma is the leading cause of death from skin cancer. It is one of the most prevalent cancers in people under the age of 30, particularly among young women.

Over the past 30 years, melanoma incidence has substantially increased. It is widely acknowledged that one of the primary causes of this sharp increase in melanoma cases is rising UV exposure levels.

Signs of melanoma

Any part of your body might develop melanoma. Even your internal organs and eyes can get melanoma. Melanoma is more likely to form on the trunk of men, frequently the upper back. Melanoma on the legs is more common in women.

Because early melanomas can often be successfully treated, it is crucial to know how to recognise them. Moles, scaly patches, open sores, and elevated bumps can all be symptoms of melanoma.

The “ABCDE” memory aid from the American Academy of Dermatology will help you remember the indicators that a lesion on your skin can be melanoma:

  • Asymmetry: One half is different from the other.
  • Border: The borders are not straight.
  • Color: There are varying hues of brown, black, grey, red, and white that are speckled and irregular.
  • Diameter: The spot’s diameter is larger than the diameter of a pencil eraser (6.0 mm).
  • Evolving: The spot is changing in size, shape, or colour or is new.

Tell your doctor if you see any sores that won’t heal, odd bumps or rashes, changes in your skin, or any moles you already have because not all melanomas follow the ABCDE rule.

The ugly duckling sign is another method for detecting melanoma. The ugly duckling mole is one that stands out from the rest and needs to be examined by a dermatologist.

What causes melanoma?

The majority of medical professionals concur that excessive sun exposure, especially sunburns while you are young, is a significant risk factor for melanoma. According to statistics, solar ultraviolet (UV) rays are the primary cause of 86% of melanomas. What causes skin cancer in the sun? UV exposure can alter specific genes that control how cells grow and divide by damaging a cell’s DNA. When your skin’s DNA is harmed and those cells begin to divide, issues could arise.

The World Health Organization has classified UV radiation from tanning beds as a carcinogen, or substance that causes cancer, because it increases the risk of melanoma. Over 6,000 melanoma cases are thought to be linked to tanning bed use each year in the US.

Although anyone can get melanoma, those who have the following risk factors are more likely to do so:

  • A personal account of having melanoma.
  • a melanoma family history.
  • Blue eyes, blond or red hair, and fair skin with freckles.
  • excessive sun exposure, which can result in painful sunburns.
  • A residence near the equator or at a high elevation may expose you to more UV radiation.
  • a background of using tanning beds.
  • an immune system compromise.
  • a lot of moles, particularly unusual moles.

Melanoma can affect anyone, however it is more prevalent in white people. Melanoma most frequently develops on the palms, soles, and nails of those with darker skin.

Preventing melanoma

  • Although melanoma cannot always be prevented, you can lessen your risk of acquiring it by staying out of the sun (even going pink in the sun).
  • When on vacation overseas or in the UK during the summer, most individuals become sunburned when engaging in outdoor activities like gardening, tanning, or playing cricket.
  • You must exercise extreme caution at these times, especially if you have fair skin and numerous moles.
  • By using sunscreen and dressed responsibly in the sun, you can aid in preventing yourself from suffering from sun damage.
  • Avoid using sunlamps and sunbeds.
  • Regular skin examinations can aid in an early diagnosis and improve the likelihood of a successful cure.

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What are the different types of Breast Cancer?

What are the different types of Breast Cancer?

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About Breast

The breast is composed of a variety of tissues, from extremely fatty tissue to extremely dense tissue. There is a network of lobes within this tissue. Each lobe is composed of lobules, which are tiny, tube-like structures that house milk glands. Milk is transported from the lobes to the nipple via tiny ducts that connect the glands, lobules, and lobes. The areola, the darker region that encircles the nipple, contains the nipple in the centre.

Additionally, the breast is covered in lymphatic and blood arteries. By bringing oxygen and nutrition to the cells as well as eliminating waste and carbon dioxide, blood arteries nurture the cells. Unlike blood arteries, lymph vessels only transport fluid away from tissues. They join the lymphatic system, which removes bodily waste, and the lymph nodes. The tiny, bean-shaped organs known as lymph nodes aid in the defence against infection. The body has several locations for groups of lymph nodes, including the neck, groyne, and abdomen. Regional lymph nodes of the breast are those that are close to the breast, such as the axillary lymph nodes under the arm.

What is a breast cancer?

Healthy cells in the breast begin to alter and expand out of control to form a tumour, which is a mass or sheet of cells. A tumour may be benign or malignant. Malignant refers to the ability of a cancerous tumour to develop and metastasize to different body regions. A benign tumour is one that is still growing and has not yet spread.

Breast cancer can spread through the blood vessels and/or lymph nodes to places including the bones, lungs, liver, and brain. Though it most frequently travels to surrounding lymph nodes, in which case it is still regarded as a local or regional disease.

This is the most advanced stage of the illness and is known as metastatic or stage IV breast cancer. The presence of adjacent lymph nodes alone, however, does not typically indicate stage IV breast cancer.

After initial therapy, breast cancer may return locally, which refers to the same breast and/or nearby lymph nodes. Additionally, it may return in another location on the body; this is known as a distant or metastatic recurrence.

DIfferent types of breast cancer

Breast cancer comes in a variety of forms, each of which can be described in a variety of ways. It’s simple to become perplexed. The specific breast cells that develop into cancer dictate the type of breast cancer.

The types of breast cancer are generally classified into two categories i.e. Invasive cancer and Non-ivasive cancer.

Noninvasive (in-situ) types of breast cancer

Breast cancer cells that are in situ are non-invasive and stay in one area of the breast without spreading to neighbouring tissue, lobules, or ducts.

In situ breast cancer refers to cancer that only affects the milk ducts or lobules. Ductal carcinoma and lobular carcinoma are the two forms of in situ malignancies.

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

The ACS estimates that 20% of newly discovered breast tumours fall into the DCIS category. A lump that develops in a milk duct, which transports milk from lobules, or glands, to the nipple, is the beginning of DCIS. There isn’t any body-wide spread of a DCIS. The likelihood that the tumour will eventually penetrate the ductal walls and enter the breast’s surrounding fat and tissue increases with time. However, thanks to improvements in diagnosis and therapy, the majority of women with DCIS, also known as stage 0 breast cancer, benefit from treatment.

Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)

Technically speaking, an LCIS is not a type of cancer but rather an alteration in the breast. To create breast milk, the breast has tens of thousands of tiny clusters called lobules. These lobules may develop cells that resemble cancer cells. LCIS usually stays put and doesn’t spread. Your care team may want to watch you in order to quickly address any changes because LCIS increases your chance for developing invasive breast cancer.

Invasive types of breast cancer

The majority of breast cancers are invasive, which means the disease has progressed from the primary site to surrounding breast tissue, lymph nodes, or other parts of the body.

Breast cancer cells that are invasive (infiltrating) breach the protective boundaries of healthy breast tissue and disseminate to other parts of the body via the circulation and lymph nodes. The two most prevalent kinds of invasive breast cancer are Invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma.

Invasive ductal carcinoma

Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most prevalent kind of breast cancer, accounting for around 70–80 percent of all occurrences (IDC). IDC is a cancer that begins in a milk duct and spreads to other breast tissues. Milk ducts are the tubes in the breast that bring milk to the nipple. It may eventually expand farther, or metastatically, to other bodily regions.

Invasive lobular carcinoma

The second most frequent kind of breast cancer is invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), which makes up between 5 and 10 percent of all cases. Breast tissue nearby is first affected by ILC, which originates in the lobules (where breast milk is produced). It might spread laterally like IDC. In contrast to IDC, this cancer is more difficult to find on mammograms and other tests. Both breasts are afflicted by ILC in one out of every five women.

Inflammatory breast cancer

Compared to other types of breast cancer, inflammatory breast cancer has a tendency to spread more quickly and can be found in the ducts or lobules. According to the NCI, this fast-moving, aggressive illness accounts for 1 to 5 percent of breast cancer cases in the country. Its name comes from the inflammatory symptoms it produces, which typically include redness and swelling on the breast’s surface.

Due to these symptoms, a breast infection is frequently misdiagnosed. According to the American Cancer Society, one in three patients with this type of cancer do not receive a diagnosis until the disease has spread to other parts of the body and is at an advanced stage. Inflammatory breast cancer has a decreased survival rate due to these factors.

Paget’s disease of the breast

Paget’s disease of the breast, sometimes called Paget’s disease of the nipple, is a far less typical form of breast cancer. According to the NCI, it primarily affects patients who have been diagnosed with another breast cancer at a ratio of 1 to 4%. Paget cells, a particular type of tumour cell, are produced as it progresses in the skin of the nipple and areola.

Angiosarcoma of the breast

Breast cancer called angiosarcoma develops in the lining of lymphatic or blood vessels. According to the NCI, it is uncommon, making up just 1 to 2 percent of all sarcomas (including those found elsewhere in the body). Angiosarcoma can affect anyone, however it most frequently affects adults over the age of 70.

It frequently results from side effects of radiation therapy to the breast, but it may take up to eight or ten years before it does. Angiosarcoma is a fast-growing kind of cancer that frequently isn’t discovered until it has spread to other parts of the body.

Phyllodes tumors

Phyllodes tumours are uncommon and develop in the breast’s connective tissues. Despite the fact that it can afflict patients of any age, this form of tumour primarily affects women in their 40s. This kind of tumour is more common in people with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, an inherited genetic disorder. The ACS estimates that 25 percent of phyllodes tumours are malignant.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma, low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, and tubular carcinoma are further, even more uncommon varieties of invasive breast cancer.

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What are the causes of Angiosarcoma disease?

What are the causes of Angiosarcoma disease?

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A uncommon kind of cancer called angiosarcoma develops in the lining of lymph and blood arteries. The immune system includes the lymphatic vessels. The lymph vessels remove waste materials, viruses, and germs from the body.

Anywhere in the body can develop cancer of this kind. But the skin of the head and neck is where it usually manifests itself. Rarely, it can develop in the skin of other bodily parts, such the breast. Alternately, it might develop in deeper tissues like the liver and heart. Angiosarcoma can develop in locations that have already received radiation therapy.

Symptoms of Angiosarcoma

A skin-related angiosarcoma

Angiosarcoma typically develops in the skin of the head and neck. On the scalp, it often occurs. The following are signs of this type of angiosarcoma:

  • a bump on the skin that resembles a bruise
  • a lesion that resembles a bruise and enlarges over time
  • a wound that could bleed if scratched or jarred
  • Skin around the lesion is swollen.

Organ-specific angiosarcoma

Angiosarcoma frequently results in pain when it affects organs like the liver or heart. The angiosarcoma’s location will affect any additional symptoms.

Causes of angiosarcoma

Most angiosarcomas have unknown origins. Researchers have found a number of variables that could raise the disease’s risk.

Angiosarcoma develops when the DNA of cells lining a blood artery or lymph channel changes. The instructions that inform a cell what to do are encoded in its DNA. The adjustments, which scientists refer to as mutations, instruct the cells to divide quickly. When healthy cells would perish, the alterations prevent the cells from dying.

As a result, cancer cells can accumulate and spread outside of the blood vessel or lymph channel. Cancerous cells are able to infiltrate and obliterate healthy body tissue. Cancer cells could eventually separate and travel to different parts of the body.

Risk elements

The following factors can raise your risk of developing angiosarcoma:

  • Radiation treatment. Angiosarcoma risk may rise after radiation therapy for cancer or other disorders. An uncommon side effect of radiation therapy is angiosarcoma.
  • Swelling brought on by damaged lymph vessels. Lymphedema is swelling brought on by a buildup of lymph fluid. When the lymphatic system becomes obstructed or injured, it occurs. When lymph nodes are removed during surgery, lymphedema can result. This is frequently carried during during cancer surgery. When there is an infection or other disorders, lymphedema can also occur.
  • Chemicals. Exposure to a number of substances has been related to liver angiosarcoma. These substances include arsenic and vinyl chloride, for instance.
  • Inherited syndromes. Angiosarcoma risk can increase in those who are born with specific gene mutations. Examples include the mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes that lead to neurofibromatosis, Maffucci syndrome, or Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome.

Genetic disorders linked to Angiosarcoma

Genetic abnormalities that alter genes that are intended to guard you against malignancies have been linked, according to researchers. Conditions specifically include:

  • Two-sided retinoblastoma. The retina in the back of your eyes is where this rare cancer develops.
  • Ollier illness. This uncommon condition affects how your bones grow.
  • Syndrome Maffucci. Your bones’ cartilage is affected by this uncommon condition.

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How can prostate cancer affects Sexual health?

How can prostate cancer affects Sexual health?

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Prostate cancer patients who are undergoing or have had treatment can experience sex-related issues. These include troubles with fertility, losing interest in sex, and getting an erection.

A lump or tumour is created when cells in the prostate tissue develop uncontrolled, a condition known as prostate cancer or cancer of the prostate gland. The urethra, the tube that takes urine from the bladder to leave the body, can become blocked if the tumour becomes large enough.

Prostate cancer often has little effect on sexual function, although in rare instances, it may cause erection problems. On the other hand, the entire cancer experience, including its effects on the reproductive system and its treatments, which may involve radiation therapy, surgery, or hormone therapy, might lead to issues.

The most prevalent non-skin cancer in men in the US is prostate cancer. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 13 out of every 100 American men are affected (CDC).

Psychological factors

It is common to experience anxiety and depression after receiving a cancer diagnosis and while undergoing treatment. Relationship tension can also be caused by anxiety.

Multiple physical changes brought on by prostate cancer might have an impact on a person’s sexual confidence. These may consist of:

  • Constipation issues and urine leaking
  • having trouble getting an erection
  • decreased generation of sperm
  • lower fertility
  • These problems may have an impact on sexual performance and desire.

An active course of treatment may not be necessary if the cancer is in its early stages and slow-growing. This strategy is referred to as cautious waiting. Although worry may persist and the individual may still have less interest in sex as a result, monitoring does not have adverse effects that lead to sex issues. Counseling could assist them in overcoming this.

Some people may be concerned that they have a sexually transmitted infection (STI), but prostate cancer is not a STI and cannot be transferred by sexual activity or any other method.

Prostate cancer affecting sex life

Even prior to starting treatment, having prostate cancer might have an impact on your sexual life. However, it could take some time for you to notice how it affects you.

Typically, prostate cancer doesn’t immediately affect how you sex (unless your prostate gets very large). However, receiving a cancer diagnosis, regardless of the type, can have psychological or emotional effects. And you’re less likely to be interested in having sex if your diagnosis makes you feel scared, apprehensive, or depressed. The term “poor libido” is sometimes used to describe this.

If you often engage in sexual activity with someone, they may experience stress or sadness as a result of your diagnosis, which could affect their libido as well.

And as you might expect, sex is less likely to occur frequently if neither you nor your spouse are particularly interested in having it. This suggests that those who receive a prostate cancer diagnosis may be less likely to engage in sexual activity. Additionally, initiating treatment for prostate cancer frequently results in new sexual difficulties.

Prostate cancer treatments affect your sex life?

Hormone therapy, surgery, and radiation therapy are the top prostate cancer treatments. Your sexual life may be impacted by any of these treatments. Because of this, it’s critical to comprehend the possibility of sexual side effects during prostate cancer therapy so that you and your healthcare team can make the best decisions possible.

Treatment for prostate cancer may have an impact on:

  • Libido (sex drive)
  • Erections
  • Ejaculation
  • sexual enjoyment
  • Testicle and penis size

Possible sexual side effects of prostate cancer and/or its treatment

Sexual adverse effects are conceivable with prostate cancer as well as the available therapies (surgery, radiation, and/or hormone therapy). The following list includes some of the most frequently mentioned side effects of prostate cancer on a person’s sexual function:

  • Erectile dysfunction: A man may occasionally struggle to achieve or sustain an erection following a prostatectomy (surgical to remove the prostate).
  • Loss of interest in sex: Managing a cancer diagnosis and receiving treatment can be stressful and draining, thus it is common for someone to momentarily lose interest in sex during this time. The desire for sexual activity can also be decreased by some medications, such as hormone therapy.
  • Ejaculatory issues: Men who have undergone therapy for prostate cancer may notice that their ejaculations are diminished or nonexistent. Compared to prior treatment, orgasm may also feel different.
  • Lack of self-assurance or low sexual self-esteem: Having trouble getting an erection, having urine leakage, and/or having less or no semen volume may all lead to feelings of sexual self-consciousness or performance anxiety.

Things a person can do for a healthy sex life after prostate cancer

One can overcome these challenges and regain a healthy sex life after cancer by being informed about the potential sexual health effects of prostate cancer and its treatment. Following prostate cancer therapy, a person can improve their sexual life in the following ways:

  • Penile rehabilitation: Improvements in erections within the first year following surgery may enhance general contentment and quality of life, while the effects of penile rehabilitation are still under question.
  • Erection aids: There are a number of erectile dysfunction treatments available, including prescription drugs, vacuum devices, and penile implants, which are mechanical devices inserted surgically into the penis to enable a man to get an erection whenever he wants.
  • Counseling or sex therapy: When it comes to sexual function, a person’s mental health is just as vital as their physical health. A person might think about consulting a psychologist or sex therapist for help through a significant life event, including receiving a cancer diagnosis and undergoing treatment.
  • Open communication: Honest, open communication with a sexual partner is essential for a patient who is in a relationship. This can reduce sexual performance anxiety for both partners, enable them to manage their expectations for their sexual connection, and build a foundation of trust for future intimacy.

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What’s the link between Cancer treatment and ED?

What’s the link between Cancer treatment and ED?

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Your sex life may change as a result of physical and psychological side effects of cancer treatment. These alterations are referred to as “sexual side effects” by doctors. They consist of modifications to your sex interest and your capacity for sexual action.

Physical, mental, or emotional adverse effects from sexual activity are possible. Your attitude, sense of wellbeing, energy level, and body image can all be impacted by cancer therapy. All of these factors can influence your sexual life.

Whether your cancer diagnosis and/or treatment may alter your sexual life is something you should discuss with your medical team. If at all possible, do this before beginning treatment. The optimal form of treatment for you can be impacted by it. Getting a second opinion might be wise if you are extremely concerned.

Sexual problem during cancer

Your sexual health may change as a result of having cancer or the therapy for it, either during or after treatment. These modifications could go or stay put. Everyone is unique.

Treatments that directly affect your genital organs are more likely to have physical side effects. Prostate, bladder, and testicular cancer treatments, for instance, are more likely than some other cancer treatments to have an impact on your capacity to physically engage in sexual activity. However, leukaemia treatment, for example, might also make you feel exhausted or ill, which can reduce your interest in sex. This is why discussing your unique diagnosis and what to expect with your medical team can be beneficial.

The following are examples of possible sexual side effects:

  • less sex-related interest
  • having trouble attaining or maintaining an erection long enough to engage in penetration. Other terms for this issue include “erectile dysfunction” and “ED.”
  • Orgasming before you’re ready is known as premature ejaculation.
  • urinating (peeing) while having an orgasm.
  • having a “dry” orgasm in which no sperm emerges. This can occur if semen exits the penis instead of flowing backward into the bladder.
  • suffering when having sex.

Inform your medical staff if you experience any of these issues before starting therapy. They might be able to assist or stop the difficulties from growing worse if they are aware of the issue. Additionally, during or after treatment, let your medical team know if you have any new issues or changes in your sexual health.

Treatments that can cause sexual problems

Surgery – The nerves that regulate erections can be harmed during procedures on the prostate, testicles, bladder, colon, and/or rectum. Consult your surgeon on “nerve-sparing” procedures. Additionally, surgery can result in “dry” ejaculation. You might find this upsetting or you might not.

Radiation treatment – ED may result after radiation therapy administered to the pelvis, which is the region around the hips. This may occur between six months and two years following the treatment. In two to three years, it might disappear or become better. What to do when you have ED should be discussed with your doctor.

Chemotherapy – Chemotherapy side effects can have an impact on your mood, sense of self, and sexual attraction. Weight gain or loss, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea are possible side effects. Additionally, you can stop having erections, but this normally returns with time. Any medication, including targeted therapy or immunotherapy, that is a part of your treatment plan should be discussed with your doctor for any potential sexual side effects.

Hormone treatment – Some prostate cancer treatments aim to reduce the amount of testosterone your body produces. Although it is done to treat the cancer, this may result in ED, reduced sex drive, and difficulties achieving an orgasm.

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How can Propecia result in Prostate cancer?

How can Propecia result in Prostate cancer?

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Propecia is a medical drug available to us under the generic name Finasteride which belongs to a class of medication called 5-alpha reductase inhibitors. This medicine is used alone or as a combination with to treat enlarged prostate in men by shrinking them. It is also used to treat hair loss or pattern baldness in men. 

Working mechanism

Propecia belongs to a class of medication called 5-alpha reductase inhibitors that generally works by blocking the action of 5-alpha reductase enzyme. When testosterone is converted into another hormone, it causes the prostate to grow or hair loss in males. The increase in testosterone in the body will decrease prostate size and increase hair growth in the scalp. Since less testosterone is being converted, serum levels of testosterone do increase in patients taking Propecia.

How to use Propecia?

Propceia is available to us in a form of pill that must be taken by mouth with or without food as per your doctor’s prescription. It is usually taken once a day daily. Swallow the tablet whole rather than chewing or crushing it in your mouth. The dosage and length of the treatment is based on your medical condition, response to the treatment and other medicine that you may be taking for the same or different reason. Your doctor may start you with a low dose which will increase gradually.

Take the medicine daily at the same time to get the most benefits from it. Do not increase your dose or take it more often than prescribed as this may also increase the risk of side effects without any improvement in your condition. Also in case of withdrawal from this medicine, it must be gradually decreased rather than immediate withdrawal. Discuss all the other medicines that you might be taking along with Propecia for the same or different reasons. Follow the medical prescription carefully and inform your doctor in case of any exception or confusion. 

How long does Propecia take to work? 

Propecia is a kind of medicine that does not work instinctively. You may feel a noticeable improvement in your symptoms or condition in the initial days of medication. However, Propecia may take around 6 months to deliver its maximum benefits. Also for hair loss problems, it may take 3-6 months to show improvement.

Side effects of Propecia

Common side effects observed while medicating with Finasteride are decreased sexual desire, decreased sexual ability, decrease in amount of semen release during sex or hair growth may occur. Inform your doctor if these conditions persist or get worse.

There are some serious side effects which must be informed to the doctor right away if observed such as a lump in the breast, nipple discharge, breast enlargement/pain, inability to urinate, pain in testicles, etc. There are also some severe allergic reactions involved with these medications which require immediate medical attention if observed such as rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), trouble breathing, severe dizziness, etc.

As per several studies, propecia is not expected to increase risk of high grade prostate cancer. It increases the testosterone level in the body which increases hair growth in the scalp and decreases the enlarged prostate size.

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