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What are the different types of headaches?

What are the different types of headaches?

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Over 150 distinct kinds of headaches exist. Cluster, sinus, hypnic, migraine, and tension-type headaches are a few of the varieties. Even though headaches can occasionally be excruciating and incapacitating, most of them can be managed with basic painkillers. On the other hand, recurring episodes or particular kinds of headaches might point to a medical issue. Primary and secondary headaches are frequently separated into two major categories. There is no other cause for a primary headache. A secondary headache, on the other hand, has a different underlying cause, like a head injury or abrupt caffeine withdrawal. Eleven of the most prevalent headache types are examined in this article, along with information on their causes, prevention, treatments, and when to consult a physician.

Headaches are a prevalent problem. According to estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO), about 40% of people worldwide suffer from headache disorders. Across all age groups, headaches rank among the top three most prevalent neurological disorders. Intense throbbing pain on one side of the head is a common symptom of a migraine. A person may become more sensitive to smell, sound, and light. Vomiting and nausea are also frequent. About 25% of migraineurs report having an aura either prior to or during their headache.

Aura symptoms can also be signs of stroke or meningitis. These visual and sensory abnormalities usually last 5 to 60 minutes and include: seeing zigzag lines, flickering lights, or spots; partial loss of vision; numbness; tingling; muscle weakness; difficulty speaking or finding words; and more. If someone is experiencing these for the first time, they should get medical help immediately. Each episode of a migraine headache can last anywhere from a few hours to several days, and they are frequently recurrent. It is a chronic condition for many people.

The precise causes of migraines are not entirely understood by medical professionals. Nonetheless, it frequently runs in families and is more prevalent in those who already have certain medical conditions, like epilepsy and depression. Stress, anxiety, disturbed sleep, hormonal changes, missing meals, dehydration, certain foods and medications, bright lights, and loud noises are all possible migraine triggers.

The severity of the symptoms, their frequency, and whether or not the patient experiences nausea and vomiting are some variables that will affect the course of treatment. Treatment options include: antiemetics, like metoclopramide, to control nausea and vomiting; neurostimulation techniques, like transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS); non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), like ibuprofen, naproxen, aspirin, and acetaminophen triptans, like sumatriptan, which need a prescription.

Resting in a quiet, dark area, applying a cold cloth or ice pack to the forehead, and drinking water are other ways to reduce migraine attacks. People who suffer from chronic migraines should consult a healthcare provider about preventive care. If a person experiences an episode for more than 15 days in a month or if symptoms appear at least 8 days a month for three months, they may be diagnosed with chronic migraine. Topiramate (Topamax) and propranolol amitriptyline are medication options for migraine prevention. Acupuncture, stress reduction, and dietary modifications are additional management options to take into account.

Most people experience tension-type headaches occasionally. These primary headaches are the most prevalent kind. According to research, approximately 78% of adults will at some point suffer from a tension-type headache. They start off as a dull, persistent headache on both sides. Additional symptoms may include: headaches lasting 30 minutes to several days; sensitivity to light and sound; a feeling of pressure behind the eyes; and tenderness of the face, head, neck, and shoulders. It’s unclear what specifically causes tension headaches. Nonetheless, common triggers include stress, anxiety, and depression. Dehydration, loud noises, lack of exercise, poor sleep, missing meals, and eye strain are additional possible triggers.

Ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and aspirin are examples of over-the-counter (OTC) painkillers that are typically very effective at halting or reducing pain. People should see a doctor if they have headaches more than 15 days a month, as this could be a sign of chronic headaches. Tension headaches may be avoided with certain treatments and lifestyle modifications. Acupuncture, stress, anxiety, and depression management, regular exercise, stretching, and better sitting and standing posture are a few examples.

Severe and frequent headaches are known as cluster headaches. Males are six times more likely than females to be affected, and they are comparatively rare, affecting 1 in 1000 adults. Cluster headache sufferers report a sharp, piercing pain behind or around one eye. Cluster headaches typically occur suddenly and without warning and last anywhere from 15 minutes to 3 hours. Other symptoms may include watering eyes, swollen eyelids, a runny nose, or sensitivity to light and sound. Up to eight attacks may occur in a single day.

These attacks can last for weeks or months and typically happen in clusters every day. Additionally, they frequently begin at regular times, usually a few hours after going to sleep at night. These symptoms, which occasionally mimic hay fever, should be discussed with a healthcare provider by anyone exhibiting them. Cluster headaches are more common in smokers, though their exact cause is unknown. Alcohol should also be avoided when having an attack.

The goal of treatment is to lessen the attacks’ frequency and intensity. Deep brain stimulation and vagus nerve stimulation also show promise in treating cluster headaches that do not respond to medication. Other options include oxygen therapy, sumatriptan, verapamil steroids, melatonin, and lithium.

The following activities can cause exertional headaches: running, jumping, weightlifting, sexual activity, and coughing or sneezing. These headaches are typically very short-lived, but they can occasionally last up to two days. They are more prevalent in people with a family history of migraine and manifest as throbbing pain throughout the head. When exertional headaches occur for the first time, people should consult a healthcare provider because they may indicate a more serious condition.

OTC pain relievers and beta-blockers, like propranolol and indomethacin, are among the treatments for exertional headaches. Cardiovascular problems can occasionally cause exertional headaches. If so, a medical expert might suggest tests to assess a patient’s cardiovascular and brain health.

A rare condition known as a hypnic headache typically first appears in people in their 50s. It may, however, begin earlier. They are also known as “alarm clock” headaches, and they cause people to wake up in the middle of the night. Mild to moderate throbbing pain, typically on both sides of the head, is the hallmark of a hypnic headache. Along with other symptoms like light and sound sensitivity and nausea, it can last for up to three hours. A person may have multiple attacks in a given week. There are no recognized triggers for hypnic headaches, and their exact cause is unknown. Even though hypnic headaches are usually benign, older adults should consult a doctor if they have any unusual headaches for the first time. A medical practitioner might want to rule out cluster headaches and migraines. Hypnic headaches can be treated with caffeine indomethacin lithium.

Medication-overuse headache A common form of secondary headache is medication-overuse headache (MOH), also referred to as a rebound headache. About 1-2 percent of the general population has them. MOH headaches typically affect those who suffer from tension-type headaches or migraines. MOH headaches usually occur as soon as a person wakes up in the morning. Each person experiences the pain and location differently. Additionally, they might feel queasy, agitated, and have trouble focusing.

Taking medication for headache disorders regularly causes these headaches. However, if a person’s pain is not improving, they might take them more frequently or in greater quantities. If a patient has a headache condition and has taken painkillers for at least 15 days in a month, a doctor may diagnose MOH. NSAIDs like aspirin and ibuprofen, opioids, and acetaminophen-triptans, like sumatriptan, can all result in MOH when they wear off.

Stopping the medication that is causing the headaches is the only way to treat MOH. But anyone who wants to stop taking medication should only do so under a doctor’s supervision. To facilitate the withdrawal process, they can offer alternative medication prescriptions and assistance in creating a plan. The following symptoms are likely to occur after stopping the drug: worsened headaches, nausea, vomiting, elevated heart rate, low blood pressure, sleep disturbance, restlessness, anxiety, and nervousness.

A doctor may prescribe antiemetics or other medications to help manage nausea and vomiting. Although they can linger for up to four weeks, the symptoms typically last two to ten days. After a MOH is resolved, a medical expert will provide advice on appropriate painkillers to take. MOH can be avoided by limiting the use of painkillers for headaches, avoiding codeine and opioids, and taking preventive medication for chronic migraines.

Sinus headaches Sinusitis, or inflammation of the sinuses, is the cause of sinus headaches. Usually, an allergy or infection is the cause. A dull, throbbing ache around the eyes, cheeks, and forehead is one of the symptoms. Movement or straining may make the pain worse, and it occasionally spreads to the jaw and teeth. Facial pressure or pain, decreased sense of smell, nasal discharge, a blocked nose, fever, exhaustion, poor breath, coughing, dental pain, and a general feeling of being ill are some additional possible symptoms. Seldom do sinus headaches occur. This type of headache is more likely to be a migraine episode if there are no nasal symptoms.

Usually, sinusitis goes away on its own in four weeks. OTC pain relievers, salt water nasal sprays or solutions from the pharmacy, antihistamines, steroid nasal sprays, available with a prescription, antibiotics, rest, and fluids, and if there is a bacterial infection, people should consult a healthcare provider if symptoms worsen or do not go away after three weeks. A medical practitioner may recommend a patient to an ear, nose, and throat specialist to determine the underlying cause of sinusitis. To clear the sinuses, minor surgery might be required in certain situations. Avoiding smoking and other known allergens or triggers is one way to prevent sinusitis.

Headaches can occasionally result from consuming four cups of coffee a day, or more than 400 milligrams (mg) of caffeine. Withdrawal symptoms may include migraine-like headaches in those who have consumed more than 200 mg of caffeine per day for more than two weeks. These usually appear 12 to 24 hours following an abrupt cessation of caffeine use. They can last for 2 to 9 days and peak between 20 and 51 hours. The effects of caffeine vary from person to person, but cutting back on intake may lower the risk of headaches. Other potential symptoms include fatigue, difficulty concentrating, decreased mood or irritability, and nausea. Reducing caffeine intake may also benefit those who suffer from persistent migraines.

Headache After a Head Injury Sometimes a person experiences a headache right after or shortly after a head injury. This is frequently resolved by OTC pain relief. However, a person should get medical help right away if their symptoms are severe or get worse over time. In the event of a severe head injury or if any of the following symptoms appear after a head injury: unconsciousness, seizures, vomiting, memory loss, confusion, vision, or hearing issues, always call an ambulance. Post-traumatic headaches can also appear months after the initial head injury, making diagnosis challenging. They can last for up to a year and occasionally happen every day. Traumatic brain injury can occur from even minor head trauma.

Menstrual Headaches: The origin of such headaches is predominantly associated with shifts in hormone levels. During the menstrual cycle, migraines may manifest due to alterations in estrogen levels. In the pre-menstrual and post-menstrual phases, or during ovulation, hormone-related headaches typically manifest, with symptoms akin to migraines without an aura, although these may persist for a prolonged duration.

A throbbing headache the next day or even later that day can result from consuming too much alcohol. Both sides of the head typically experience these migraine-like headaches, which can get worse with movement. Symptoms of a hangover headache include light sensitivity and nausea. Hangovers cannot be cured, but they can be lessened by eating sugary foods and drinking lots of water. Over-the-counter pain relievers may lessen or eliminate headaches. Hangover symptoms usually disappear in 72 hours. Drinking in moderation, avoiding empty stomachs, and drinking water before bed and in between alcoholic beverages are all strategies to lower the chance of getting a hangover.

What Does Inflammation Do to the Body?

What Does Inflammation Do to the Body?

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The body’s immune system reacts to perceived injury or infection by producing inflammation. Because a lot of white blood cells are rushing into the injured area to fight infection and promote healing, inflammation makes the area red and swollen. Infection and inflammation are not the same thing, and it’s critical to distinguish between the two. The invasion of disease-causing organisms into body tissues, their subsequent growth, and the immune system’s response to the organisms and the toxins they produce are all considered infections. This indicates that although an infection is usually linked to inflammation, an infection is not always present when an inflammatory response occurs.

The body’s defense mechanism
The immune system uses inflammatory cells and cytokines during an injury or infection, which in turn triggers the production of more inflammatory cells. This triggers the body’s inflammatory response, which the cells use to ensnare pathogens or toxins and begin the healing process of the damaged tissue. Pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function are all indicators of inflammation. 4 Loss of function can include breathing difficulties if you have bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchi), losing the ability to smell during a cold, or being unable to move an inflamed joint properly. All five of these symptoms, however, are not always the result of an inflammatory response; some forms of inflammation can manifest silently and without any symptoms.

In response to an inflammatory response, the immune system may also release inflammatory mediators from different immune cells, including hormones like histamine and bradykinin. Inflamed areas can turn red and feel hot because these hormones cause vasodilation, which widens the tissue’s tiny blood vessels and increases blood flow to the injured area. More blood flow also makes it possible for more immune cells to move to the site of the injury and promote healing.

Acute inflammation: A short-term response
Short-term acute inflammation and long-term chronic inflammation are the two primary forms of inflammation. The immune system’s quick and transient reaction to an unexpected injury or disease is known as acute inflammation. Inflammatory cells make up this transient reaction, which travels to the site of an infection or injury to initiate the healing process. The duration of this kind of inflammation can range from a few hours to several days. Acute inflammation is frequently brought on by wounds like cuts, bacterial infections like step throat, and viral infections like the flu that can irritate the throat.

Enteritis, or inflammation of the small intestine, can also be brought on by other kinds of bacterial and viral infections. This type of inflammatory response can aid in the healing process because fever can show that the immune system is healthy, which is very active and energy-demanding. This is because a fever may increase metabolism, which allows for the production of more antibodies and immune cells to aid in the fight against infection.

Nonetheless, it is critical to be mindful of immune system complications, such as septicemia, also referred to as blood poisoning, which is an uncommon but serious infection-related complication. Feeling very sick, having a high fever, and chills are some of the symptoms of this complication. If the bacteria that has entered the body multiply rapidly in one area of the body and then a significant number of them abruptly enter the bloodstream, septicemia may result. This could happen for many reasons, including the body’s inability to combat the infection locally, a compromised immune system, or an extremely aggressive bacterium.

Chronic inflammation: A silent threat
Although inflammation is a helpful immune response, the body does not always benefit from it. In certain diseases, the immune system unintentionally fights against the body’s cells, which can lead to dangerous illnesses. Even in the absence of danger, the body still releases inflammatory cells when there is chronic inflammation. There may be times when symptoms get better and times when they get worse over months or even years of chronic inflammation. Examples include inflammatory bowel disorders like Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, a chronic skin condition called psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis, which is characterized by persistent joint inflammation.

Numerous inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular conditions like heart disease, autoimmune diseases like lupus, and even some types of cancer, have been connected by researchers to chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation is typically brought on by injuries and infections, but environmental factors like daily life activities and exposure to toxins are usually the primary cause of chronic inflammation. Low levels of physical activity, long-term stress, having a high body mass index (BMI) or excess weight around the stomach, eating inflammatory foods, sleep disturbances, exposure to toxins, and an imbalance of good and bad gut bacteria are all common causes of chronic inflammation.

The ripple effect: Inflammation and disease
Numerous body systems, including the cardiovascular system, can be significantly impacted by inflammation, as cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis are the world’s leading cause of death. Inflammatory mediators play a significant role in atherosclerosis, helping to recruit cells initially for the development of plaques in blood vessels and ultimately leading to vessel rupture. Inflammation is one way that cardiac stress shows up in the body, with impacted cardiac tissues exhibiting elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.

The most frequent cause of heart attacks is coronary atherosclerosis, which causes the heart’s tissue to deteriorate. As the cardiac cells die during a heart attack, inflammatory cells migrate to the necrotic tissue site to remove debris and dead cells. Moreover, polygenic inflammatory bowel disease, which includes Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis, can result from excessive inflammatory reactions to gut microbial flora. These two digestive disorders are driven by cytokines, which can also result from non-infectious intestinal inflammation.

It’s interesting to note that elevated inflammation has also been linked to depression and exhaustion, with alterations observed in the central nervous system (CNS). Increased blood-brain barrier permeability brought on by inflammation can make it simpler for immune cells or inflammatory molecules to enter the central nervous system. People who suffer from depression and exhaustion may experience structural and functional changes as a result of inflammatory signaling in the central nervous system.

As was already mentioned, inflammation plays a major role in chronic illnesses, including autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, there is mounting evidence that inflammation plays a significant role in the development and course of diabetes. Since CRP and other indicators of active inflammation are linked to an increased risk of diabetes in people with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic inflammation associated with the disease may also raise the chance of developing diabetes in the future.

Reducing inflammation: Lifestyle and medical approaches
Lowering inflammation is essential for lowering the risk of diseases linked to inflammation. This can involve eating an anti-inflammatory diet, as many foods, including leafy greens, fresh fruits, and fatty fish like salmon, can help reduce inflammation in the body. 2 To lower and prevent inflammation in the body, some dieticians advise following the DASH or Mediterranean diets, which increase potassium and decrease sodium intake.

Frequent exercise can reduce chronic stress and stress-triggered hormones, as well as the risk for chronic inflammation. This includes 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity exercise, such as walking. Yoga, deep breathing, mindfulness, and other relaxation techniques that soothe the nervous system are examples of stress management strategies. Furthermore, supplements like zinc and omega-3 that may lower inflammation and promote the body’s ability to repair itself may be included in over-the-counter anti-inflammatory drugs. In addition to ibuprofen, aspirin, or naproxen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are also available over-the-counter and can be used to reduce inflammation.

A corticosteroid injection may also be administered by a medical professional to reduce inflammation in particular muscles or joints. Prednisone can also be prescribed by medical professionals to treat inflammatory diseases like vasculitis, lupus, and arthritis. In order to prevent inflammation-related disorders and diseases, it is important to reduce chronic inflammation on a daily basis through exercise, a healthy diet, stress reduction, and maintaining a healthy weight.

Can antibiotics, vaccines, and antivirals help lower dementia risk?

Can antibiotics, vaccines, and antivirals help lower dementia risk?

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A recent systematic review found that anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen, as well as antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and vaccines, were linked to a lower risk of dementia. Up to 70% of those with dementia have Alzheimer’s disease, and the condition affects over 55 million people globally at an estimated cost of over $1 trillion. Before drawing any conclusions about repurposing current medications for the treatment of dementia, experts point out that more research is necessary due to the complexity of dementia in various individuals. In a recent systematic review, researchers from the Universities of Cambridge and Exeter in the United Kingdom found that anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen, antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and vaccines, were linked to a lower risk of dementia.

Published in Alzheimer’s and Dementia: Translational Research and Clinical Interventions, the review examined data from 14 studies that included 1 million dementia cases and over 130 million people. Antimicrobials, vaccinations, and anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were linked to a lower risk of dementia. In contrast, vitamins, supplements, antipsychotics, and diabetes medications were somewhat linked to a higher risk, according to the researchers’ analysis of medical and administrative records as well as large clinical datasets. Evidence regarding antidepressants and certain blood pressure medications was inconclusive. The authors observed that overall, there was a lack of consistency across studies in identifying specific medications that alter the risk of Alzheimer’s disease or all-cause dementia and that some limitations and false positives may have impacted findings.

It’s crucial to keep in mind that dementia, which merely characterizes a collection of progressive symptoms, can result from a variety of pathological conditions. Furthermore, according to Dr. Dot MacSweeney, Alzheimer’s disease, the most prevalent cause of dementia as we age, is not a single illness. It is complicated and has a lot of aberrant biomarkers. However, it is widely acknowledged that the majority of conditions that eventually lead to dementia do, in large part, have a neuroinflammatory origin, just like many other diseases. Large-scale, longitudinal, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are required to prove a causal relationship between dementia risk and particular medications, according to MacSweeney.

Confounding variables such as age, gender, and comorbidities should be controlled for, and lifestyle and genetic data should be included to find effects specific to subgroups, and biomarkers (e.g. G. levels of tau or amyloid) to gauge how drugs affect the body. She also suggested that they concentrate on long-term results to verify a lower incidence of dementia. Given how common these drugs are already worldwide, Clifford Segil, DO, a neurologist at Providence Saint John’s Health Center in Santa Monica, CA, who was not involved in the review, expressed some skepticism to MNT regarding its findings: Studies frequently surface expressing concern for prescription and over-the-counter medications causing dementia that are not clinically observed. For instance, studies have shown that taking allergy drugs like Benadryl/diphenhydramine increases the risk of dementia; however, in my clinical neurology practice, I have never observed this to be the case.

Although sleep aids are frequently linked to deteriorating memory loss in the elderly, I think the advantages of getting a good night’s sleep exceed any possible hazards. According to him, there are too many cooks in the kitchen these days, and if dementia is a concern, you should speak with a specialist like me who makes it their career to diagnose and treat dementia patients. The best strategy to lower one’s risk of dementia, according to Segil, is to alter one’s lifestyle, since middle-aged habits shape one’s later years. He informed us that some tests related to the genetics of dementia do not ensure the onset of dementia and that false-positive test results are common. I would suggest leading a healthy lifestyle to prevent the need for a doctor’s prescription medication. If medication is required, I would suggest consulting a board-certified neurologist for guidance on which medications to take as you age.

Over 55 million people worldwide suffer from dementia, which is estimated to cost more than $1 trillion. Up to 70% of those affected have Alzheimer’s disease, which is typified by the accumulation of two proteins, tau and amyloid. Adults with early symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease, including those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild dementia with confirmed amyloid plaques, can now receive treatment with the monoclonal antibody donanemab, which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in July 2024. In 2024, the FDA granted accelerated approval to two additional monoclonal antibodies, lecanemab and aducanumab, after encouraging trial outcomes.

Alzheimer’s disease can be managed with the help of current treatments, but the disease’s progression is unaffected. In a global phase 3 clinical study, donanemab reduced cognitive decline in individuals with low/medium tau levels by 35% when compared to a placebo. There is broad agreement that multiple approaches are likely required to provide maximally effective treatment and the authors of the new review point out that these treatments target a single pathway in a complex condition and carry a significant risk of severe side effects. Although they emphasize that repurposing current medications for potential dementia treatment is a global priority, experts argue that, given the complexity of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, more research is necessary to determine the specific effects of such medications.

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Managing chronic inflammation with psoriasis

Managing chronic inflammation with psoriasis

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Despite not knowing the precise cause, medical professionals believe psoriasis to be an inflammatory immune-mediated condition. This indicates that the underlying cause of this illness is inflammation.

What causes inflammation in psoriasis?
The dermis, or middle layer of skin, becomes thicker with inflammatory cells in psoriasis sufferers due to immune system malfunction. In the epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, the condition also accelerates skin cell proliferation. Skin cells develop and shed throughout a month. For those who have psoriasis, this process accelerates in a matter of days. Skin cell accumulation on the skin’s surface occurs when skin cells accumulate rather than shed, causing painful symptoms such as elevated plaques, scaling, swelling, redness, or discoloration. Despite being a skin illness, psoriasis causes inflammation that affects every body part. It may raise the chance of developing psoriatic arthritis, cancer, inflammatory bowel illness, and heart disease.

Is there a way to treat inflammation?
Although immune system dysregulation causes inflammation in psoriasis, research (Trusted Source) indicates that lifestyle and dietary modifications can help people with this inflammation. This may lessen symptoms and enhance one’s quality of life. By using these techniques, many psoriasis sufferers can sustain remission—a protracted period without having psoriasis symptoms. In addition, certain psoriasis treatments function by decreasing inflammation. These consist of injectable biologics, oral drugs, and topical corticosteroids. Every psoriasis sufferer is unique. More intensive treatment will be needed for certain persons than for others.

How to manage inflammation…
Although there isn’t a cure for psoriasis at this time, adopting these behaviors may help lower inflammation brought on by the condition and raise the likelihood of remission.

Consuming a balanced diet
Food has a big influence on systemic inflammation. Research indicates that some inflammatory eating habits may heighten the likelihood of developing psoriasis and exacerbate its symptoms. Everybody has a different idea of what a healthy diet entails. But the actions listed below could assist someone in creating one: Steer clear of inflammatory foods: Some foods and drinks have ingredients that promote inflammation, which can exacerbate psoriasis symptoms. Soda and highly processed foods like candy, processed meat items, and salty snacks are two examples.

Eating a nutritious diet:
Taking into account an anti-inflammatory diet: Psoriasis symptoms are regularly reduced by diets high in fruits, vegetables, and other nutrient-dense foods.

Avoiding or giving up smoking: Smoking hurts one’s health and exacerbates inflammatory conditions like psoriasis. Cutting back on alcohol: Drinking too much alcohol can exacerbate psoriasis symptoms and cause inflammation. Remaining active: Limiting extended sitting times may help lessen the symptoms of psoriasis. According to a review of the literature, psoriasis sufferers who lead sedentary lifestyles experience more severe symptoms than those who engage in regular exercise. Getting enough sleep:

Sleep deprivation can cause the body to go into a pro-inflammatory state. Research indicates that irregular and inadequate sleep patterns may elevate inflammatory markers in the bloodstream. For optimum health, experts advise adults to get 7–9 hours of sleep every night. Controlling stress: Extended periods of stress cause the immune system to become hyperactive and lead to a pro-inflammatory state. Stress is cited by up to 88% of psoriasis sufferers as a trigger for their symptoms. It could be beneficial to practice stress-reduction methods like yoga and meditation.

Maintaining a moderate weight
Obesity is a risk factor for psoriasis development. People with psoriasis who are overweight or obese may also experience more severe symptoms than people with a moderate weight. Weight loss may reduce inflammatory markers and help reduce psoriasis symptoms in people with excess body weight.

REFERENCES:

https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/taming-the-chronic-inflammation-of-psoriasis
https://www.healthline.com/health/psoriasis/facts-about-inflammation
https://www.psoriasis.org/advance/understanding-inflammation/
https://www.verywellhealth.com/psoriasis-and-inflammation-5202286

Medications that have been suggested by doctors worldwide are available here
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Managing chronic inflammation with psoriasis

Managing chronic inflammation with psoriasis

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Despite not knowing the precise cause, medical professionals believe psoriasis to be an inflammatory immune-mediated condition. This indicates that the underlying cause of this illness is inflammation. In the US, up to 3% of adults suffer from psoriasis. In addition to affecting the eyes and joints, it can also cause symptoms on the skin, such as discoloration and elevated plaques. According to experts, the common factor that can impact these various areas is inflammation.

The dermis, or middle layer of skin, becomes thicker with inflammatory cells in psoriasis sufferers due to immune system malfunction. Additionally, the disorder accelerates the growth of skin cells in the epidermis, or outer layer of the skin. Skin cells develop and shed over the course of a month. For those who have psoriasis, this process accelerates to a matter of days. Skin cell accumulation on the skin’s surface occurs when skin cells accumulate rather than shed, causing uncomfortable symptoms like raised plaques, scaling, swelling, redness, or discoloration. Psoriasis is a skin condition, but it affects the entire body because of the inflammation it causes. It may raise the chance of developing psoriatic arthritis, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and heart disease.

While inflammation in psoriasis is caused by immune system dysregulation, research indicates that individuals can potentially decrease this inflammation by making lifestyle and dietary adjustments. By doing so, symptoms may lessen and overall quality of life may improve. Many individuals with psoriasis have been able to achieve remission, where they do not experience symptoms for an extended period, through these methods. Furthermore, there are medications available that target inflammation in psoriasis, such as topical corticosteroids, injectable biologics, and oral medications. Treatment for psoriasis varies for each person, with some requiring more intensive care than others.

Although there isn’t a cure for psoriasis at this time, adopting these behaviors may help lower inflammation brought on by the condition and raise the likelihood of a remission. Food has a big influence on systemic inflammation. Research indicates that specific inflammatory eating habits may heighten the likelihood of developing psoriasis and exacerbate its symptoms. A healthy diet varies depending on the individual. Nonetheless, someone can establish one by taking the subsequent actions:

Steer clear of inflammatory foods: Some foods and drinks have ingredients that promote inflammation, which can exacerbate psoriasis symptoms. Soda and highly processed foods like candy, processed meat products, and salty snacks are two examples. Taking into account an anti-inflammatory diet: Psoriasis symptoms are regularly reduced by diets high in fruits, vegetables, and other nutrient-dense foods. For instance, a 2018 study of 35,735 individuals, 3,557 of whom had psoriasis, revealed that those who ate a Mediterranean-style diet had psoriasis that was less severe than that of those who did not.

One risk factor for the development of psoriasis is obesity. In addition to having more severe symptoms than those with a moderate weight, psoriasis sufferers who are overweight or obese may also have the condition. For those who are overweight, losing weight may help lower inflammatory markers and alleviate psoriasis symptoms. According to a 2020 study, individuals with psoriasis who were also overweight or obese and who lost 12 percent of their body weight over the course of a 10-week program saw a 50–75 percent reduction in the severity of their psoriasis. On average, participants lost twenty-three pounds

Avoiding or giving up smoking: Smoking seriously compromises one’s health and exacerbates inflammatory illnesses, such as psoriasis. These are just a few habits that can help lower inflammation and improve the symptoms of psoriasis. Cutting back on alcohol: Drinking too much alcohol can exacerbate psoriasis symptoms and cause inflammation. Remaining active: Limiting extended sitting times may help lessen the symptoms of psoriasis. According to a review of the literature, psoriasis sufferers who lead sedentary lifestyles experience more severe symptoms than those who engage in regular exercise.

Getting enough sleep: Sleep deprivation can cause the body to go into a pro-inflammatory state. Research indicates that irregular and inadequate sleep patterns may elevate inflammatory markers in the bloodstream. For optimum health, experts advise adults to get 7–9 hours of sleep every night. Controlling stress: Extended periods of stress cause the immune system to become hyperactive and lead to a state that is pro-inflammatory. Stress is cited by up to 88% of psoriasis sufferers as a trigger for their symptoms. It could be beneficial to practice stress-reduction methods like yoga and meditation

Anyone who is interested in learning how to lessen inflammation and symptoms associated with psoriasis and is going through a flare-up should think about talking to their dermatologist and other members of their healthcare team. They can offer advice on diet and lifestyle modifications that may help reduce inflammation and lessen the symptoms of psoriasis, as well as treatment options based on the severity of the symptoms. They might also advise taking supplements or vitamins.

Lack of fiber may be a trigger for inflammatory bowel disease

Lack of fiber may be a trigger for inflammatory bowel disease

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Irritable bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by inflammation in the gut or digestive tract, which can cause a variety of occasionally painful digestive problems. It can also present as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease. Although the underlying cause of this illness has not yet been found, a recent study points to a potential link between diet, genetics, and gut microbiota and the development of IBD. Fiber reduces inflammation and encourages the formation of a healthy mucus layer. When interleukin-10, a cytokine linked to inflammatory bowel disease, is absent at birth, IBD usually manifests in the early stages of the infant or childhood. The current study demonstrates that fiber deprivation contributes to the deterioration of the colonic mucus lining in mice deficient in interleukin-10, which results in fatal colitis. This implies that diets high in fiber could be beneficial for people with IBD.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 3 million people in the United States and 6 million people worldwide suffer from IBD. S. who possesses it. The majority of cases of IBD are found in industrialized countries, and the new study suggests that those who migrate to more industrialized societies and start consuming highly processed foods may be at risk for the condition. According to a study published in Gastroenterology, the official journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, last year, some dietary fibers may actually exacerbate the symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease. In that investigation, scientists discovered that soluble fibers from fruits and vegetables, known as unfermented dietary β-fructan fibers, triggered an inflammatory reaction in individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) whose bodies could not process them.

Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN), a formula-based, low-fiber diet, is recommended for some individuals with IBD, especially children. This method is effective in lowering gut inflammation. In the current study, which employed mice devoid of interleukin-10, the researchers found that diets devoid of fiber significantly increased inflammation. It has been demonstrated that a diet devoid of fiber promotes the development of bacteria that break down mucus, consuming the mucus layer in the digestive system and lessening the barrier that mucus provides for the gut lining. A high-fiber diet markedly reduced inflammation in the mice. Nonetheless, mice given the EEN diet formula by researchers showed reduced inflammation compared to mice fed a diet devoid of fiber.

Researchers came to the conclusion that the mice exhibited elevated levels of isobutyrate, a fatty acid generated by “good” bacteria through fermentation in the gut. Medical News Today was informed by Dr. Rudolph Bedford, MD, a board-certified gastroenterologist at Providence Saint John’s Health Center in Santa Monica, California, who was not involved in the study, that there is not enough data to support a general approach to lower-fiber diets for patients with IBD among medical professionals. The lack of research data to inform clinical practice has led to a great deal of variability in dietary recommendations for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. However, to reduce gastrointestinal distress during an active flare-up, especially if intestinal strictures are suspected, patients with IBD are frequently advised to restrict their intake of fiber or residue.

Not involved in the study, the director of communications for the nutrition company Prolon and a dietitian nutritionist told MNT that while a high-fiber diet can be advised in the worst phases of IBD, it’s important to consider the long-term effects. When an IBD patient’s gut inflammation gets worse during an acute (active) flare-up, a low-fiber diet may be advised. Since fiber can be difficult to digest, it may worsen pre-existing gut or gut lining irritation, which may lead to symptoms like bloating, diarrhea, stomach pain, rectal bleeding, or even fever. It is advisable to stay away from anything that could exacerbate the gut inflammation that already exists during flare-ups. However, over time, high-fiber diets have demonstrated encouraging outcomes in the management (and even reversal) of IBD in patients. This means that high-fiber foods are advised to help diversify the composition of the gut, which can positively benefit a person’s gut pH, permeability, and ability to produce short-chain fatty acids, even in the absence of acute symptoms or flare-ups.

In addition to supporting both our digestive and immune systems, good gut flora are essential. The integrity of our intestinal barrier is strengthened by certain good bacteria that live in our stomach. The lining of our stomach plays a crucial role in preventing harmful substances from entering our body. A leaky gut, also known as intestinal permeability, is the result of the weakening of the gut lining’s junctures brought on by inflammation or other pathogenic bacteria that can break down the lining. Patients with IBD and IBS frequently have leaky guts, which may be the underlying cause of inflammation or a sign of other digestive disorders. Richter noted that there may be a direct correlation between gut and mental health.

Neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin are produced in part by certain gut bacteria and are essential for healthy brain function, regular sleep cycles, and the reduction of anxiety and depression. Mental and emotional disorders may result from the disruption of gut-brain signaling caused by the absence of these beneficial bacteria. The gut lining’s lack of diversity can significantly weaken immune systems. When your gut is dysbiotic, it is more susceptible to illness. The various organisms in your gut may not be present in the proper amounts, which could lead to changes in your gut microbiome. Your chance of developing a chronic illness may rise if the diversity of bacteria in your gut microbiome declines.

The intestinal tract is affected by immune-mediated, chronic, progressive diseases known as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). IBDs primarily include ulcerative colitis (UC) and Chron’s disease (CD) subtypes. Although the exact cause of these illnesses is unknown, host-related, environmental, and genetic factors all play a role in their development. According to recent research, nutritional therapy is the mainstay of IBD treatment for managing symptoms, preventing relapses, and treating the underlying pathology. Patients with IBD demonstrate how diet, particularly dietary fiber, and microbiota dysbiosis can alter its composition. Compared to the general population, these patients are more vulnerable to energy protein malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. There is currently no known dietary factor that causes IBD, and there is no special therapeutic diet for the condition. This review aims to assist medical professionals in managing the nutritional aspects of CD and UC by assessing the role that dietary fibers play in these conditions. The right kind and quantity of fiber to recommend in the event of IBD patients improving their psychosocial circumstances and overall quality of life will require more research.

REFERENCES:

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/lack-of-fiber-may-be-trigger-inflammatory-bowel-disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9696206/
https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/Digestive-health-services/Conditions-and-treatments/small-and-large-intestine/inflammatory-bowel-disease/diet-guide
https://www.healthline.com/health-news/dietary-fiber-linked-to-flare-ups-in-inflammatory-bowel-disease

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How and why does gut health influence heart health?

How and why does gut health influence heart health?

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The connection between gut health and heart health is an emerging area of research, and while the exact mechanisms are still being investigated, several factors suggest an intricate relationship between the two:
Inflammation: A healthy gut microbiome helps maintain a balanced immune response and reduces inflammation throughout the body. Chronic inflammation is a key driver of cardiovascular disease, contributing to the development of conditions such as atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and hypertension (high blood pressure).
Metabolism: The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in metabolizing nutrients and regulating energy balance. Disruption of the gut microbiome, such as through an unhealthy diet or antibiotic use, can lead to metabolic dysfunction, including obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia all of which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Certain beneficial bacteria in the gut produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) through the fermentation of dietary fiber. SCFAs have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and may help regulate blood pressure and cholesterol levels, thereby protecting against cardiovascular disease.
Microbial Metabolites: Gut bacteria produce various metabolites, including trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), which has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular events. TMAO is formed from the breakdown of certain dietary compounds, such as choline and carnitine, and has been associated with the development of atherosclerosis and thrombosis.
Hormonal Regulation: The gut microbiome influences the production and metabolism of hormones involved in cardiovascular health, such as serotonin and bile acids. Alterations in these hormonal pathways can affect blood pressure, heart rate, and vascular function.

Immune System Modulation: The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in training and regulating the immune system. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in gut bacteria, can lead to immune dysfunction and chronic inflammation, which are detrimental to heart health. You are what you eat, goes a common saying. Additionally, fresh studies continue to imply that this theory might be true each year. Scientists have recently directed their attention toward a possible connection between heart and gut health. Physicians already advise patients to consume heart-healthy foods, and experts in the field concur that the gut microbiome including its composition and the toxic byproduct it produces during the metabolism of some foods plays a major role in the relationship between gut health and heart health.

Every expert we spoke with agreed that heart health can be significantly impacted by the gut microbiota. The human digestive tract, particularly the large intestine (colon), is home to a complex community of trillions of microorganisms known as the gut microbiome. These microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Depending on what we feed them, these microorganisms can be either healthy or unhealthy. Any number of our body’s systems could malfunction if they are unhealthy. The microbiome depends on humans for health, just as we do for its own. It is becoming more and more clear that maintaining the health of our microbiome is crucial for all of our organs, including the heart and arteries. We now know that inflammation, particularly in the heart, may be the primary cause of a great deal of health issues these days. One important factor in reducing inflammation is the microbiome.

There’s more and more research coming out that there is a connection between the composition of someone’s gut flora and the microbiome. There’s a connection between the type, distribution, and relative composition of gut bacteria that someone has and an association with their risk factors for heart disease that includes high blood pressure, high cholesterol, [and] obesity

Another way in which the gut microbiome can potentially have harmful effects on the heart is through the production of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). When gut microbes feed on choline found in red meat, poultry, eggs, [and] certain fish they make trimethylamine(TMA), which is absorbed into the body and goes to the liver where it is changed into TMAO, Dr. John P. Higgins, a sports cardiologist at McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) explained. TMAO is bad because it is associated with cholesterol and artery-narrowing plaque in important arteries in the body, especially the coronary arteries which supply blood to the heart. So people with high levels of TMAO are at increased risk of heart attacks or stroke.

Studies have associated TMAO with aspects of inflammation and blood vessel dysfunction, Dr. Chen added. It also promotes foam cells in the blood vessels. All of these different things end up promoting different types of heart disease, such as atherosclerosis, and they can also lead to different aspects of cardiovascular risk factors such as high blood pressure. A study published in October 2019 linked TMAO to disease severity and mortality rate in people with peripheral artery disease. Research published in March 2023 reported an increase of TMAO in blood plasma was an independent predictor for major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in people who experienced acute myocardial infarction (heart attack).

REFERENCES:

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-and-why-does-gut-health-influence-heart-health
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/can-your-gut-health-affect-your-heart
https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/healthy-gut-healthy-heart
https://www.modernheartandvascular.com/the-relationship-between-your-gut-and-heart-health/

Medications that have been suggested by doctors worldwide are available here
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How eczema research on skin bacteria may lead to a treatment for itching

How eczema research on skin bacteria may lead to a treatment for itching

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One of the most upsetting and misunderstood signs of eczema is itching. A recent study examined the condition’s propensity to cause itching using human tissue, animal models, and nerve fibers. The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus may play a significant role in the puzzle, the researchers concluded. They anticipate that their research will eventually result in a variety of skin conditions being treated. Atopic dermatitis, commonly known as eczema, is a prevalent skin condition that impacts approximately 223 million individuals worldwide. Itching is one of the main symptoms. Scratching can temporarily ease the pain, but it can also aggravate inflammation, damage the skin, and raise the risk of skin infections. Carsten Flohr, a professor at Kings College London and a member of the British Association of Dermatologists, said that scratching has a significant impact on the quality of life for those who suffer from eczema. It affects how well people sleep as well as how much they sleep. It also has an impact on children’s enjoyment of school and adults’ social and professional lives. People who have eczema often experience itching as a constant problem, according to National Eczema CEO Andrew Proctor. One of the most challenging aspects of having atopic eczema for the millions of affected children and adults is the constant itching. where the skin is damaged and becomes more itchy as a result of scratching to relieve the itch, increasing the temptation to scratch.

The skin is considered to be the largest organ of the body and plays a myriad of vital roles. It protects against pathogens, dehydration, mechanical damage, and ultraviolet light. It also carries receptors that provide sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch. Importantly for eczema, it also contains receptors called proprioceptors, which produce the sensation of itch.

Like many other parts of the body, the skin is home to a thriving microbial community the skin microbiome, which contains vast numbers of bacteria, fungi, and other microbes. Although there is growing interest in the human microbiome, scientists have a long way to go before they understand its complex roles in health and disease. Your skin bacteria and skin immune system talk to each other and they talk to the bacteria in your gut. Just like with your gut, having a diverse balance is the key to a happy microbiome. Understanding how bacteria interact with each other as well as the skin and the immune system may one day help treat various skin conditions.

When S. aureus was first applied to mice’s skin, the researchers claimed that this increased the animals’ risk of developing dermatitis. Moreover, compared to mice without S. aureus, these mice scratched a lot more. Next, by concentrating on the enzymes that S. aureus produces, researchers aimed to comprehend how the bacteria could cause this itching response. The ten proteases that S. aureus produces were the scientists’ main focus. Protease V8 was eventually found to be the main trigger of the itching response; mice that received V8 injections alone began to scratch. The researchers also demonstrated that eczema-affected skin patches had higher V8 levels than unaffected skin.

REFERENCES:

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/skin-diseases-such-as-eczema-can-cause-sleep-disturbances-study-finds#The-link-between-skin-disease-and-sleep-disturbance
https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/bacteria-therapy-improves-eczema-children
https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/news/20231127/common-bacteria-may-be-cause-itchy-skin-study
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9998-eczema

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Can we manage chronic inflammation with psoriasis?

Can we manage chronic inflammation with psoriasis?

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Psoriasis is regarded by medical professionals as an immune-mediated inflammatory illness even though the actual origin is uncertain. This indicates that the underlying cause of the disease is inflammation.

Psoriasis affects up to 3% of people in the US. It can affect other bodily components, such as the joints and eyes, and manifest signs on the skin, such as elevated plaques and discoloration.

According to experts, inflammation may be the common culprit affecting these various locations.

Psoriasis: What is it?

Skin inflammation is brought on by the autoimmune disease psoriasis. Psoriasis symptoms include thick patches of scale-covered, discolored skin. Plaques are the name for these scaly, thick patches.

As a chronic skin disorder with no known cure, psoriasis can flare up at any time.

Psoriasis comes in a variety of forms, including:

Plaque psoriasis: The most prevalent form of psoriasis is plaque psoriasis. Plaque psoriasis affects between 80% and 90% of those with psoriasis.

  • Inverse psoriasis: This kind develops in the creases of your skin. It results in tiny, scale-free plaques.
  • Guttate psoriasis: A streptococcal infection-related sore throat may be followed by the development of guttate psoriasis. It frequently affects children and young adults and appears as tiny, red, drop-shaped scaly patches.
  • Pustular psoriasis: This form of the condition features tiny, pus-filled lumps on top of plaques.
  • Erythrodermic psoriasis: This form of psoriasis is severe and affects a significant portion (greater than 90%) of your skin. Skin shedding and extensive skin discolouration are the results.
  • Sebopsoriasis: This kind often manifests as lumps and plaques with a greasy, yellow scale on your face and scalp. This is a hybrid of seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis.
  • Psoriasis of the nails: Psoriasis of the nails can change your fingernails and toenails as well as the skin of your hands and feet.

What results in psoriasis inflammation?

Immune system malfunction in psoriasis patients leads to an accumulation of inflammatory cells in the dermis, the middle layer of skin. Additionally, the disease accelerates the proliferation of skin cells in the epidermis, the top layer of the skin.

Skin cells typically develop and slough off over the course of a month. In those with psoriasis, this process accelerates to only a few days. Skin cells accumulate on the skin’s surface instead of being shed, causing painful symptoms such elevated plaques, scales, edoema, and redness or discolouration.

Even though psoriasis is a skin disorder, the inflammation it causes affects the entire body. It can raise the risk of cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriatic arthritis, heart disease, and others.

Is inflammation curable in any way?

Although immune system dysregulation is the cause of the inflammation in psoriasis, research indicates that patients can lessen this inflammation by making dietary and lifestyle adjustments. This may aid in symptom reduction and quality-of-life enhancement.

Many psoriasis sufferers can sustain remission—a prolonged period without having psoriasis symptoms—using these techniques.

In addition, certain psoriasis treatments work by lowering inflammation. Topical corticosteroids, biologics for injection, and oral drugs are some of these.

Psoriasis affects people differently. Some patients will need longer-term care than others.

Managing inflammation

Although there is presently no cure for psoriasis, the following behaviors may lessen inflammation caused by psoriasis and raise a person’s chances of going into remission.

Consuming a wholesome diet

Diet and systemic inflammation are closely related. According to studies, some inflammatory food habits might worsen psoriasis symptoms and increase the likelihood of developing the condition.

Everybody’s definition of a healthy diet is unique. However, the actions listed below could assist someone in establishing one:

Avoiding pro-inflammatory foods: Some foods and drinks include ingredients that promote inflammation, which exacerbates psoriasis symptoms. Soda and highly processed foods like salty snacks, sweets, and animal items are two examples.

A diet high in fruits, vegetables, and other nutrient-dense foods has been shown to reliably reduce the symptoms of psoriasis. For instance, a 2018 study of 35,735 individuals, 3,557 of whom had psoriasis, found that those who consumed a diet similar to the Mediterranean diet had fewer severe cases of psoriasis than those who did not.

Being healthy in terms of weight

A risk factor for the onset of psoriasis is obesity. Overweight or obese psoriasis sufferers may also have more severe symptoms than those who are of moderate weight.

In individuals with excess body weight, weight loss may lower inflammatory indicators and assist in reducing psoriasis symptoms.

In a 2020 study, it was discovered that individuals with psoriasis and obesity or overweight who underwent a 10-week program to lose 12% of their body weight saw a 50–75% reduction in the severity of their psoriasis. An average of 23 pounds were lost by participants.

Introducing additional healthful practises

There are a number of behaviorist that might lessen inflammation and enhance psoriasis symptoms, including:

  • Avoiding or giving up smoking: Smoking hurts one’s health and aggravates inflammatory conditions like psoriasis.
  • Limiting alcohol consumption: Drinking too much might aggravate psoriasis symptoms and cause inflammation.
  • Staying active can assist with psoriasis symptoms by preventing extended periods of inactivity. According to one assessment of the literature, those with psoriasis who lead sedentary lifestyles experience more severe symptoms than those who engage in regular exercise.
  • Getting enough sleep: A lack of sleep can cause the body to become inflammatory. According to studies, getting little or no sleep might raise blood levels of inflammatory indicators. Adults should sleep for 7-9 hours every night, according to experts, to maintain good health.
  • Managing stress: Long-term stress causes the immune system to become overactive and promotes inflammation. Up to 88% of psoriasis sufferers cite stress as a symptom cause. Stress-relieving exercises like yoga and meditation may be beneficial.

When should I get medical help?

Anyone who is going through a psoriasis flare and is curious about how to lessen the symptoms and inflammation of the condition might want to think about consulting their healthcare team, which includes their dermatologist.

They can offer suggestions for diet and lifestyle modifications that may help lower inflammation and lessen psoriasis symptoms, as well as treatment options depend on the severity of the symptoms. Additionally, they could advise taking vitamins or supplements.

REFERENCES:

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How coffee helps lower type 2 diabetes risk?

How coffee helps lower type 2 diabetes risk?

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A significant new study investigates the mechanisms underlying the well-established link between coffee drinking and a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes.

According to the study, coffee’s anti-inflammatory characteristics may account for a major portion of its positive effects. Pro-inflammatory biomarkers seem to decrease with coffee consumption while anti-inflammatory biomarkers rise.

Coffee consumption has been associated to a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes. According to a recent study, the connection is well-established, although the exact mechanism is still unknown.

Another study contends that through reducing subclinical inflammation, coffee consumption may reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes. The advantage was greatest in espresso or filtered ground coffee consumers and non-smokers or never-smokers.

Data set on coffee and type 2 diabetes

The authors of the study examined a sizable data set from participants in two population-based studies: the Rotterdam Study in the Netherlands and the UK Biobank.

The 502,536 participants in the UK Biobank cohort were from England, Scotland, and Wales and enrolled in the study between April 2006 and December 2010. They ranged in age from 37 to 73. Follow-up information on these people became accessible in 2017.

The Rotterdam Study, which started in 1990 and will eventually include 14,929 people, is still ongoing. In 2015, follow-up information was revealed. Researchers found alterations in the levels of type 2 diabetes-associated biomarkers connected to inflammation in the study.

Researchers found that those who increased their daily intake of coffee by just one cup had a 4% lower risk of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. This reduction in risk was most likely brought about by decreased inflammation, the study’s authors speculate.

The current study’s “main strength is the large number of individuals included in the cohorts, the long follow-up time, and the comprehensive assessment of inflammatory markers,” according to Dr. Angélica Amato, associate professor in the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Brasil who was not involved in it.

Effects of coffee on inflammation

The Rotterdam Project and the UK Biobank provided the researchers with the 152,479 participants’ health records for evaluation. They examined the daily coffee consumption of the participants, which ranged from 0 to about 6 cups, as well as the prevalence of type 2 diabetes across a 13-year period.

By the use of fasting blood samples, the team also assessed levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, and adiponectin as well as indicators of insulin resistance.

The researchers discovered that drinking an extra cup of coffee each day was linked to a 4–6% decreased chance of developing diabetes.

Greater levels of interleukin-13 and adiponectin concentrations, which have anti-inflammatory effects, were linked to higher levels of coffee consumption instead of lower levels of CRP and leptin, pro-inflammatory markers. Blood glucose levels can be lowered by adiponectin’s ability to make people more sensitive to insulin.

Researchers believe that drinking coffee can help lower inflammatory biomarkers, which are known to rise in the body when there is inflammation, as is the situation with type 2 diabetes.

The researchers also think that the type of coffee is important because espresso or filtered coffee was more closely related to risk reduction.

According to Andrew Odegaard, PhD, an associate professor of epidemiology and biostatistics at the University of California, Irvine, the results are consistent with earlier research that found a relationship between higher levels of coffee consumption and a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes across various populations and demographics.

Odegaard noted that more information is required to fully grasp the potential pathways, but that “the mediating estimates of inflammation provide evidence on a major postulated mechanism.”

Enjoy coffee but avoid relying on it

Tan would not necessarily recommend it to individuals wanting to protect themselves. Tan says persons with diabetes and those at risk for the condition should feel comfortable consuming black coffee or espresso.

There are alternative strategies that have been more thoroughly researched to lower the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and general health, according to Tan.

Tan advises increasing physical exercise, reducing inactive time, abstaining from alcohol and tobacco, having a balanced diet, and, if at all feasible, avoiding specific drugs that can worsen hyperglycemia in order to reduce one’s chance of developing diabetes.

She exhorts them to consider the kind of coffee they consume. Moreover, Tan remarked, “I would like to caution patients that the study indicated the most benefit from filtered coffee or espresso rather than from coffee beverages that can include very high amounts of sugar and fat.”

Why inflammation matters in diabetes?

Dr. Amato expressed his concern that a longitudinal study like this one could not be used to conclusively prove causality. She did, however, add that “it is most likely that the association between coffee use and reduced type 2 diabetes risk is due to decreased insulin resistance, one of the physiopathological pathways underpinning the development of type 2 diabetes.”

Insulin produced by the pancreas cannot regulate blood sugar levels in persons with type 2 diabetes. These levels are able to escalate dangerously out of control due to such insulin resistance.

According to Dr. Amato, subclinical inflammation, which is reportedly reduced by coffee drinking, has a significant role in insulin resistance.

Dr. Kausel continued, “Adipokine released by adipocytes has anti-inflammatory benefits in addition to making patients more sensitive to insulin. Further enhancing insulin sensitivity and lowering systemic inflammation are coffee’s polyphenol components.

Dr. Ochoa-Rosales advised patients worried about preventing type 2 diabetes to take a stance against inflammation by consuming a diet high in polyphenols from fruits and vegetables.

Smokers don’t get the same coffee benefits

The researchers also discovered that among people who smoke, coffee’s health benefits were less pronounced.

According to Dr. Ochoa-Rosales, “there is a correlation between smoking and higher coffee consumption – heavy coffee consumers are often smokers,” therefore the researchers first considered smoking a confounding factor in their analysis.

Nevertheless, when they investigated the impact of coffee consumption on diabetes risk among smokers, non-smokers, and never-smokers, they discovered that the effect of coffee’s positive relationship with decreased C-reactive protein and type 2 diabetes risk was only present among former- and never-smokers.

Treating and avoiding type 2 diabetes

Although the link between inflammatory markers and cardiovascular disease has been researched, Dr. Kausel pointed out that the new study offers a “fresh perspective.”

However finding increasing your coffee intake won’t likely prevent type 2 diabetes, “anything that lowers these inflammation indicators can be acquired as a daily routine, and since most people consume coffee, it’s a good thing to know,” she continued.

Dr. Ochoa-Rosales noted that there is already increased interest in treatments that target inflammatory indicators as a result of the substantial body of information linking systemic inflammation to the onset of type 2 diabetes.

Dr. Amato acknowledged this and suggested that the biomarkers identified in the study could serve as “promising targets” for therapeutic treatment of type 2 diabetes:

“Exploring the precise mechanisms by which the bioactive components of coffee function to elucidate potential targets and pathways that may be addressed to treat or prevent the disease” is another fascinating option.

No matter what new pharmacological targets are discovered as a result of research like this one, Dr. Kausel emphasised that “if individuals don’t start thinking about healthy practises, it will be impossible to avoid the disease.”

Dr. Kausel underlined that eating a good diet is the major component in preventing diabetes.

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