Browsed by
Author: blogadmin

Quick peek on causes of hiccups and its prevention.

Quick peek on causes of hiccups and its prevention.

Comments 0 Comment

The diaphragm uncontrollably contracts, which results in hiccups. Drinking carbonated beverages, indulging in a heavy meal, inhaling too much air, or being stressed are a few common triggers for this spasm.

What are hiccups?

The muscle tissue just below your lungs, the diaphragm, contracts repeatedly and uncontrollably during hiccups.

In addition to defining the boundary between your chest and abdomen, the diaphragm controls respiration. The contraction of your diaphragm causes your lungs to take in oxygen. Your lungs exhale carbon dioxide as your diaphragm relaxes.

Hiccups are brought on by the diaphragm contracting irregularly. Every time the diaphragm contracts, the larynx (voice box) and vocal cords abruptly close. A quick rush of air enters the lungs as a result of this. Your body responds by gasping or chirping, which produces the hiccup-specific sound.

Hiccups can’t be predicted in advance. Prior to eliciting the unique hiccup sound, each spasm is typically preceded by a small constriction of the chest or throat.

The majority of hiccup episodes begin and terminate quickly and without apparent cause. Typically, episodes are only a few minutes long.

Causes of Hiccups

Why people experience hiccups is a mystery. Hiccups can occur for a variety of reasons, including inflamed nerves and low blood carbon dioxide levels. Important components of breathing include the vagus nerve, which connects the brain to the stomach, and the phrenic nerve, which runs from the neck to the diaphragm.

Mild hiccups (those that disappear quickly) can occur when you:

  • Drink and eat too soon.
  • ingest alcohol or fizzy beverages.
  • Eat excessively.
  • Feel anxiety, including exhilaration and terror.
  • strain your neck too far.
  • ingest drugs (particularly those for anxiety – benzodiazepines).
  • Drink anything really hot or chilly.
  • undergoing chemotherapy
  • are put to sleep before an operation.
  • inhale dangerous vapours.

Hiccups lasting for more than two days

Persistent hiccups are those that don’t go away after a few days. They are referred to as “intractable” if they persist for several months (long-lasting hiccups). Rarely do hiccups last for a long time. They could make you feel anxious and worn out. Hiccups that are difficult to control may be a symptom of a more serious underlying medical condition and may persist until that problem is resolved.

Among these more serious underlying problems are:

  • tumours and cancer.
  • Stroke.
  • stomach or esophageal conditions, such as GERD (a gastrointestinal and abdominal disorder).
  • the diaphragm’s pleurisy.
  • Uremia.
  • Pneumonia.
  • Bowel ailments.
  • irritated bladder and pancreatitis.
  • Cancer of the liver with hepatitis
  • lesions and tumours.

Additionally, hiccups might occur throughout a procedure’s recovery and after surgery. If your hiccups continue for a long time, consult a doctor.

How are hiccups diagnosed?

It’s simple to identify glitches. Simply hearing the “hic” sound will be enough for your healthcare provider.

However, your medical professional might do a physical examination to see whether an underlying condition might be the source of your hiccups. The physician may request testing including imaging tests, endoscopic tests, and blood tests if the physical examination indicates anything concerning.

How do I treat hiccups?

Some treatments could or might not be effective because the precise cause of hiccups is unknown. There is often no damage in attempting these at-home remedies because they won’t do you any harm. Home remedies consist of:

  • swift water consumption.
  • swallowing crushed ice, dry bread, or granulated sugar.
  • tugging your tongue gently.
  • Gagging (sticking a finger down your throat) (sticking a finger down your throat).
  • rubbing your eyes softly.
  • water is gargled.
  • retaining breath.
  • Taking a breath into a paper bag (do not use a plastic bag).

How are hiccups prevented?

Pre-treatment medicine can occasionally stop hiccups from occurring. For instance, taking metoclopramide before anaesthesia might stop the hiccups that can result from it. Ramosetron-containing steroids may stop chemotherapy-related hiccups.

Again, the following factors can result in minor hiccups (those that pass quickly). As a result, you might try to steer clear of the following to stop hiccups from occurring. Try to avoid:

  • Drink and eat too soon.
  • ingest alcohol or carbonated beverages
  • Eat excessively.
  • Feel anxiety, including exhilaration and terror.
  • strain your neck too far.
  • ingest drugs (particularly those for anxiety – benzodiazepines).
  • Drink anything really hot or chilly.
  • inhale dangerous vapours.

Possible complications of untreated hiccups

Hiccups that last a long time can be painful and potentially dangerous to your health. Long-lasting hiccups might interfere with your food and sleeping schedules and result in:

  • sleeplessness
  • exhaustion
  • malnutrition
  • slim down
  • dehydration

REFERENCES:

  • https://www.healthline.com/health/hiccups
  • https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181573
  • https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiccups/symptoms-causes/syc-20352613
  • https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17672-hiccups

For more details, kindly visit below.

Brief idea on complications and prevention of slipped disc.

Brief idea on complications and prevention of slipped disc.

Comments 0 Comment

Back discomfort is frequently brought on by a herniated disc. It occurs when a spinal disk’s supple centre pops loose from its covering. This may have an impact on neighbouring nerves, resulting in limb pain, numbness, or weakness.

A herniated disc can cause little pain in some persons, especially if it does not push on any nerves. The problem is also known as a prolapsed disc or a slipping disc.

Herniated discs can be treated in a number of effective ways, despite the fact that they occasionally cause excruciating agony. Symptoms often subside or disappear after a few weeks, but if they continue or worsen, surgery may be necessary.

What causes slipped discs?

When the outer ring is weakened or torn, the disc slips, allowing the interior section to protrude. With ageing, this is possible. A slipped disc might also be brought on by specific movements. While you are bending or rotating to lift something, a disc could fall out of position. 

A slipped disc can occur in the lower back as a result of lifting a very big, heavy object, which puts a lot of strain on the area. You can have a higher chance of developing slipped discs if your profession is physically demanding and involves a lot of lifting.

People who are overweight are more likely to experience a slipped disc because their discs must work harder to maintain the extra weight. The development of a weak immune system may also be facilitated by sedentary behaviour and weak muscles.

You are more likely to get a slipped disc as you age. This is due to the fact that as you get older, your discs start to lose part of their protective water content. They are therefore more likely to move out of place. Men experience them more frequently than women.

Symptoms of a slipped disc

Any area of your spine, from your neck to your lower back, is susceptible to slipped discs. One of the more typical places for slipping discs is the lower back. Your spinal column is a complex web of blood vessels and nerves. The muscles and nerves nearby can experience increased pressure as a result of a slipped disc.

The following are signs of a slipped disc:

  • Numbness and discomfort, usually on one side of the body
  • you have discomfort in your arms or legs
  • ache that gets worse at night or when performing particular motions
  • ache that gets worse when you stand or sit
  • short-distance walking hurts
  • a mystery muscular weakness
  • feeling of tingling, aching, or burning in the affected area

Various pain types might exist for different people. If your discomfort causes tingling or numbness that impairs your ability to control your muscles, consult a doctor.

How are slipped discs diagnosed?

Your doctor will examine you physically first. They’ll be searching for the cause of your discomfort and agony. To do this, it will be necessary to assess your nerve and muscle strength as well as whether you experience pain when moving or contacting the affected area. In addition, your doctor will inquire about your health history and symptoms.

When you first started experiencing symptoms and the activities that make your discomfort worse will be of interest to them. Your doctor can see your spine’s bones and muscles with the aid of imaging scans to look for any damaged areas. Imaging scan examples include:

  • X-rays
  • A CT scan
  • MRI images
  • discograms

All of these pieces of information can be put together by your doctor to pinpoint the source of your pain, weakness, or discomfort.

Complications of a slipped disc

Permanent nerve damage might result from a significant slipped disc that is left untreated. A slipped disc may, in extremely rare circumstances, prevent nerve impulses from reaching the cauda equina nerves in your lower back and legs. You could lose control of your bowels or bladder if this happens.

The condition known as saddle anaesthesia is another long-term consequence. You lose feeling in your inner thighs, the back of your legs, and the area behind your rectum as a result of the slipped disc compressing nerves in this instance.

While a slipped disc’s symptoms may get better, they might also get worse. It’s time to contact your doctor if you are unable to engage in the activities you formerly enjoyed.

How are slipped discs treated?

A slipped disc can be treated surgically or conservatively. The course of treatment is usually determined by how much pain you’re in and how much the disc has moved out of place.

Using an exercise regimen that stretches and strengthens the back and surrounding muscles, the majority of people can get relief from slipped disc discomfort. Exercises that might strengthen your back and lessen your back discomfort may be suggested by a physical therapist.

Additionally helpful are using over-the-counter painkillers, avoiding strenuous activity, and uncomfortable positions. When you have a slipped disc, it may be tempting to avoid all physical activity, but doing so can cause muscle weakening and joint stiffness. Instead, make an effort to stay as active as you can.

Instead, make an effort to stay as active as you can by stretching or engaging in low-impact sports like walking. Stronger medications may be prescribed by your doctor if the pain from a slipped disc does not go away with over-the-counter remedies. These consist of:

  • drugs that relax the muscles to treat spasms
  • narcotics for pain relief
  • drugs for nerve pain such as gabapentin or duloxetine

If your symptoms do not go away after six weeks or if your slipped disc is impacting your ability to use your muscles, your doctor might advise surgery. Without removing the complete disc, your surgeon may only cut away the damaged or bulging area. It’s known as a microdiskectomy.

In more serious situations, your doctor can remove the disc and fuse your vertebrae together or replace it with an artificial one. Your spinal column will become more stable as a result of this treatment, a laminectomy, and a spinal fusion.

REFERENCE:

  • https://www.healthline.com/health/herniated-disk
  • https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/191979
  • https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/herniated-disk/symptoms-causes/syc-20354095
  • https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12768-herniated-disk

For more details, kindly visit velow.

Lets explore the treatment options for Vericose veins.

Lets explore the treatment options for Vericose veins.

Comments 0 Comment

Blood vessels that bulge just beneath the surface of your skin in your lower body are called varicose veins. Blood backs up in your veins as a result of weak vein walls and malfunctioning valves. You may notice blue and purple bumps on your legs, feet, or ankles as a result. Varicose veins can recur despite the effectiveness of many treatment approaches.

Blood vessels that bulge just below the surface of your skin called varicose veins are twisted and bloated. Your legs, feet, and ankles are where these blue or purple bulges typically emerge. They could hurt or itch. Spider veins are smaller red or purple lines that develop near to the surface of your skin and may surround varicose veins.

Varicose veins aren’t dangerous for the majority of people, despite the fact that they can be unattractive and uncomfortable. Serious health issues, such as blood clots, can occasionally result from severe varicose veins. The majority of varicose vein problems can be treated at home by you or by your healthcare practitioner using injections, laser therapy, or surgery.

Causes of varicose veins

When veins aren’t functioning properly, varicose veins develop. One-way valves in veins stop blood from flowing backward. Blood starts to build up in the veins rather than flow back towards the heart when these valves malfunction. The veins then grow in size. Legs are commonly affected by varicose veins. Gravity makes it more difficult for the blood to move higher because those veins are the furthest from your heart.

Varicose veins may be brought on by various factors, such as:

  • pregnancy
  • menopause
  • older than 50
  • prolonged durations of standing
  • obesity
  • family history of varicose veins

Symptoms of varicose veins

Some people might also go through:

  • stiff legs
  • the sensation of having heavy legs, especially after exercising or when sleeping
  • a slight wound to the afflicted area could cause longer than usual bleeding.
  • Skin can contract due to lipodermatosclerosis, a condition in which the fat beneath the skin right above the ankle can harden.
  • enlarged ankles
  • the affected leg has telangiectasia (spider veins)
  • a glossy spot on the skin close to the varicose veins
  • Stasis dermatitis, also known as venous eczema, causes red, dry, and itchy skin in the affected area.
  • Leg pain when abruptly standing up
  • Irritable bowel syndrome
  • Atrophie blanche is a condition in which the ankles develop uneven, white patches that resemble scars.

Treatment of varicose veins

Treatment might not be required if a person has no symptoms or discomfort and does not mind the appearance of their varicose veins. Most varicose vein sufferers can find enough relief at home, including using compression stockings.

But if a person experiences persistent symptoms, they could need medical attention to ease their suffering or to deal with any side effects including leg ulcers, skin discoloration, or swelling. Some people could also want therapy to get rid of their “ugly” varicose veins for cosmetic reasons.

Surgery

Large varicose veins might need to be surgically removed. Generally speaking, a general anaesthesia is used for this. The patient can typically leave the hospital the same day. However, they might have to stay the night in the hospital if both legs need to undergo surgery.

Smaller veins and spider veins are frequently treated with lasers. The vein is exposed to powerful light bursts, which cause the vein to progressively dissolve.

Ligation and stripping

An incision is made at the top of the target vein close to the patient’s groyne, and another is made further down the leg, either at the ankle or knee. The vein’s top is tied off and sealed. The vein is taken with a thin, flexible wire that is pulled out after being passed through the vein’s base.

Usually, there is no need for a hospital stay after this treatment. Ligation and stripping occasionally cause bruising, bleeding, and discomfort. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), in which a blood clot forms in the vein of the leg, can occur on extremely rare occasions.

Most patients recover from surgery within a few days, but it may take them a few weeks to resume work and other usual responsibilities. They will have to wear compression stockings while recovering.

Sclerotherapy

Small and medium-sized varicose veins are given a chemical injection by a doctor, which scars and shuts the veins. After a few weeks, they ought to disappear. It could be necessary to inject a vein more than once.

Radiofrequency ablation

With the use of an ultrasound scan, a doctor creates a small incision above or below the knee. A catheter, which is a little tube, is then inserted into the vein.

The medical professional then inserts a radiofrequency-emitting probe into the catheter. The vein is heated by the radiofrequency energy, which causes the vein’s walls to break down and efficiently close and seal it shut. For bigger varicose veins, this surgery is suggested.

A local anaesthetic is typically used during radiofrequency ablation.

Endovenous laser treatment

The vein of the patient is entered by a doctor with a catheter. A tiny laser is then inserted via the catheter and positioned at the top of the target vein to administer brief energy bursts that heat the vein and cause it to close.

The doctor uses an ultrasound scan to guide the laser up the vein, eventually sealing and burning it all as they go. Using local anaesthesia, this treatment is carried out. There could be some nerve damage, although it is usually just temporary.

Transilluminated powered phlebectomy

In order to see which veins need to be removed, a doctor makes an incision under the skin and threads an endoscopic transilluminator—a special light—through it. The target veins are then sliced and removed using a suction instrument through the wound.

For this surgery, a general or local anaesthetic may be employed. After the procedure, there can be some bleeding and bruising.

Prevention of varicose veins

In order to lower the chance of getting varicose veins, it is advised to:

  • exercise frequently, such as walking
  • attain or maintain a healthy weight
  • Don’t remain motionless for too long.
  • Avoid crossing your legs while seated
  • When you sit or sleep, elevate your feet on a pillow.
  • Try to move about at least once every 30 minutes if you must stand while working.

REFERENCES:

For more details, kindly visit below.

Secret behind blurry vision for nearsiting called Myopia.

Secret behind blurry vision for nearsiting called Myopia.

Comments 0 Comment

Myopia, often known as nearsightedness, is a common eye ailment that makes it challenging to focus on distant things. Close objects, however, are likely to appear crystal clear. Myopia can be treated with laser surgery or by using corrective lenses like glasses or contacts.

What is Mypopia?

Myopia, a disease that affects many people, causes near objects to appear clear while far distant objects to appear blurry. It happens when light rays incorrectly bend (refract) due to the shape of the eye or specific portions of the eye. Light rays are focused in front of the retina, which is where they should be directed to illuminate the retina, the nerve tissue at the rear of the eye.

Between the ages of 20 and 40, nearsightedness typically becomes more stable after developing during childhood and adolescence. As a rule, myopia runs in families.

Nearsightedness can be verified by a simple eye checkup. You can use eyeglasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery to correct your hazy vision.

Types of Myopia

Myopia comes in a variety of forms. These will be covered in more detail in the sections that follow.

Simple myopia

The eye is in good condition besides simple myopia. The problems with vision that a person has can simply be fixed by wearing glasses or contact lenses.

High myopia

A more severe form of myopia is high myopia. It happens when a person has nearsightedness from a young age that worsens with maturity.

High myopia can make it more likely for someone to get additional eye diseases including glaucoma, cataracts, or retinal detachment.

Pathological myopia

Pathological or degenerative myopia will be accompanied by other ocular diseases in its sufferers. Issues with the retina will also arise with the eye, including:

  • One form of retinal thinning is lattice degeneration.
  • retinal atrophy, in which certain retinal cells have degenerated and stopped functioning
  • Forster-Fuchs’ spot is a kind of retinal scarring that can cause blind spots.

Additionally, pathological myopia can result in vision loss that is unrecoverable with glasses or contact lenses.

How common is myopia?

Myopia is quite typical. Over 40% of Americans are myopic, according to the American Optometric Association, and this percentage is rising quickly, particularly among school-age children. According to eye specialists, this trend will persist in the upcoming decades.

Today, one in four parents has a child who is nearsighted to some extent. Myopia risk may be increased, according to some eye specialists, if your youngster spends a lot of time doing “near” activities like reading or using a computer or smartphone.

What causes myopia?

You probably inherited your myopia from one or both of your parents if you do. Although myopia’s specific aetiology is still unknown, eye specialists think a combination of inherited and environmental factors are to blame. It’s conceivable to inherit the capacity for myopia, and if your lifestyle creates the ideal circumstances, you’ll eventually get it. Myopia may develop, for instance, if you frequently use your eyes for close-up tasks like reading or using a computer.

Myopia typically develops in early childhood. The condition usually improves with age, but it can also get worse. Images appear hazy because the light entering your eyes is not properly focused. Similar to a spotlight that was pointed in the wrong direction You won’t be able to clearly notice the correct thing if you direct a spotlight at the incorrect location in the distance.

Symptoms of Myopia

Some warning signs or symptoms of nearsightedness are:

  • vision blurry when viewing far-off items
  • inability to see well without squinting or partially closing one’s eyes
  • Headaches
  • Eyestrain

On whiteboards or school screen projections, children could have trouble seeing what is written on them. Even while younger kids might not indicate a visual impairment, they might exhibit the following behaviours:

  • Continue to squint
  • seem oblivious to far-off items
  • Blink frequently
  • The eyes are often rubbed
  • Seated near the television

Adults with myopia could have trouble reading retail or road signs. Even though they can see perfectly in the daylight, some people may experience fuzzy vision in low light, such as when driving at night. The name of this condition is nocturnal myopia.

Risk factor of Myopia

A parent’s nearsightedness increases the likelihood that their child will also be nearsighted. However, for a child to be nearsighted, neither parent needs to be. Doctors are still unsure of the exact causes of certain people’s nearsightedness. Genetics is merely one of several possible contributing factors.

Children with nearsightedness are frequently diagnosed between the ages of 8 and 12 years old. Myopia may worsen during adolescence, when the body expands quickly. Between 20 and 40, there is typically not much change.

The likelihood of a child developing nearsightedness rises with too much time spent inside. More time spent outdoors in daylight, according to studies, lowers a child’s risk.

Diagnosis of Myopia

Several tests can be run by an optometrist to determine whether or not a patient is nearsighted.

The subject will read letters of various sizes from a chart on the other side of the room as part of the eye exam. It will be more difficult for someone with myopia to make out tiny numbers.

A device called a phoropter, which is composed of various lenses that the optometrist can place in front of the eye, may also be used by the doctor of optometry.

The optometrist will position the phoropter and shine light into it to gauge the eye’s ability to concentrate light. This will enable them to find the appropriate prescription for the person’s corrective glasses.

Myopia Treatment

Contact lenses and eyeglasses. Easy and popular methods to correct nearsightedness include eyeglasses and contact lenses. They aid in sharpening your vision by helping to concentrate light on the retina at the rear of your eye. As your eyes change over time, you will require new prescriptions.

When purchasing glasses or contacts, there are numerous alternatives to think about. Consult your ophthalmologist about the lens options that best match your lifestyle and eyesight requirements.

Cataract surgery. With adult nearsightedness, refractive surgery may occasionally be able to correct the condition. Refractive laser surgery and refractive lens exchange are the two major types of refractive surgery. A laser is used in refractive laser surgery to reshape the cornea and alter how light passes through it. Some of the more typical procedures are listed below:

LASIK,

Epi-LASIK,

PRK,

SMILE

An ophthalmologist replaces your eye’s natural lens with an artificial lens during a refractive lens exchange. The new artificial lens aids in directing light into the retina at the rear of the eye, improving vision.

Refractive surgery has risks of complications and adverse effects, just like any other type of surgery. For instance, you can notice glare or rings (halos) around lights after undergoing a refractive treatment. You might not see well at night.

Talk with your ophthalmologist about your vision needs and expectations. Together you can explore your options for achieving better vision.

REFERENCES:

  • https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nearsightedness/symptoms-causes/syc-20375556
  • https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/nearsightedness-myopia
  • https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/myopia-nearsightedness
  • https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8579-myopia-nearsightedness
  • https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/myopia

For more details, kindly visit below.

Characteristics and prevention of emphysema with symptoms.

Characteristics and prevention of emphysema with symptoms.

Comments 0 Comment

A form of chronic obstructive pulmonary illness is emphysema (COPD). Lung air sacs deteriorate and stretch under these circumstances. This causes a persistent cough and respiratory problems.

Emphysema can be brought on by a variety of things, but smoking is by far the most common cause. Although there is no known cure, giving up smoking can better the prognosis.

Emphysema has been diagnosed in about 3.8 million Americans, or 1.5% of the total population. 7,085 persons (2.2 per 100,000) lost their lives to the illness in 2017.

What is emphysema?

A form of COPD is emphysema. Emphysema causes the air sacs and alveoli in the lungs to enlarge and the lung tissue to become less elastic.

The air sacs’ walls deteriorate, are damaged, shortened, collapsed, stretched, or overinflated. This implies that the surface area available for the lungs to get oxygen into the blood and expel carbon dioxide from the body is reduced. Although the damage is irreparable and permanent, there are techniques to treat it.

Causes and risk factors of emphysema

Emphysema affected 2 million adults in 2018, or 1.6% of those who are 18 years of age or older, according to the American Lung Association.

Males, non-Hispanic white persons, and people over 65 had greater rates than other groups. The disparity between the sexes has, however, been closing as female rates have been rising over the past few decades.

Emphysema is primarily caused by tobacco usage. The likelihood of getting emphysema increases with the amount of smoking you do. This includes cannabis smoking.

More over 480,000 Americans die as a result of smoking each year, and COPD, including emphysema, is to blame for 80% of those fatalities. Emphysema risk is also increased by exposure to secondhand smoke.

The following are other causes of and potential risk factors for emphysema development:

  • exposure to chemical vapours or lung irritants that are very polluting
  • Alpha-1 deficiency-related emphysema is an uncommon form of emphysema that is caused by the genetic disorder alpha-1 deficiency.
  • history of respiratory infections in children
  • a weakened immune system, particularly due to HIV
  • uncommon illnesses like Marfan syndrome.

Symptoms of emphysema

Emphysema’s main signs and symptoms include:

  • breathing difficulty or dyspnea
  • a persistent cough that is mucus-producing
  • breathing that makes a whistling or squeaky sound and wheezing
  • chest constriction

A person may initially experience these symptoms while engaging in physical activity. However, when the illness worsens, they may also begin to occur while you’re sleeping. COPD and emphysema both take time to develop.

Later on, an individual may have:

  • flare-ups and frequent lung infections
  • Wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath are some of the symptoms that are getting worse.
  • reduction in weight and appetite
  • exhaustion and a decline in energy
  • Lack of oxygen can cause cyanosis, blue-tinged lips, or blue-tinged fingernail beds.
  • sleep issues with sadness and anxiety

How is emphysema diagnosed?

The first thing your doctor will do is ask you about your background and medical history, namely whether you smoke and whether you regularly come into contact with dangerous gases or pollutants at work or at home.

Emphysema can be found using a variety of tests, such as:

  • X-rays and CT scans are imaging procedures used to examine your lungs.
  • blood tests to assess the efficiency of your lungs’ oxygen transport
  • Using pulse oximetry, you can determine how much oxygen is in your blood.
  • lung function tests, which gauge how well your lungs carry oxygen to your bloodstream and how much air your lungs can take in and out,
  • tests to determine the amount of blood and carbon dioxide in your blood are known as arterial blood gas analyses.
  • ECGs are used to evaluate heart health and rule out heart illness.

Complications of emphysema.

Emphysema can develop into a serious condition if it is not adequately managed or treated. These may consist of:

  • either bacterial or viral pneumonia
  • many respiratory infections
  • failure of the right side of the heart is referred to as cor pulmonale.
  • When air gathers between the lungs and the chest cavity, it causes a pneumothorax, which can cause the lungs to collapse.
  • respiratory acidosis, or when the lungs are unable to get adequate oxygen, can result in coma
  • When the lungs can’t effectively oxygenate the blood, it’s called hypoxemia.

Emphysema treatment

Emphysema does not have a treatment. The goal of treatment is to lessen symptoms and stop the spread of the illness using drugs, therapies, or operations.

If you smoke, quitting is the first step in curing your emphysema. To help you quit smoking, you could require medicine. Think about going over a strategy with your doctor.

Medications

The disease can be treated with a number of drugs, including:

  • Breathing becomes easier and coughing and shortness of breath are reduced thanks to bronchodilators, which help open airways.
  • steroids, which reduce breathlessness
  • medicines, which combat infections that could worsen the situation

These drugs are all able to be breathed or given orally.

Therapies

By strengthening breathing muscles and reducing symptoms, pulmonary rehabilitation or light exercise like walking can improve breathing and make it easier to be physically active. Deep breathing techniques, yoga, and tai chi can all aid with symptom relief.

Breathing can be made simpler with oxygen therapy. People who have severe emphysema could require oxygen all the time.

Surgery

A lung transplant can replace the entire lung, and lung volume reduction surgery can be done to remove tiny portions of the diseased lung. Only those who have severe emphysema can undergo these uncommon operations.

Other therapies

You might lose weight if you have emphysema. It is advised to consume meals high in vitamins A, C, and E, such as fruits and vegetables, to boost your general health.

You can lessen your risk of contracting an infection that could aggravate emphysema by getting immunised against specific illnesses, such as pneumonia. These illnesses include COVID-19, influenza, and pneumonia.

If you don’t exercise as often as you used to, you can also feel anxious and depressed. You can connect with people who have the same ailment and go through similar experiences by joining a support group. This can make you more aware of the fact that you are not facing the sickness alone.

Perspective and prevention for Emphysema

Emphysema is primarily brought on by tobacco usage, thus quitting smoking is the best way to prevent it. Additionally, it’s critical to avoid exposure to toxic substances, gases, and areas with high pollution.

Depending on how severe their emphysema is, each person’s outlook is different. The condition has no known cure and just becomes worse with time, but you can stop it from getting worse.

Smoking cigarettes typically accelerates the condition, therefore stopping is crucial. Emphysema patients can experience life-threatening complications as their lungs and hearts deteriorate over time, making early disease detection crucial.

Maintaining good health requires a balanced diet and regular exercise. Emphysema can be managed with medications and treatments so that you can enjoy a long, healthy life.

REFERENCES:

  • https://www.healthline.com/health/emphysema
  • https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8934
  • https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/emphysema/symptoms-causes/syc-20355555
  • https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9370-emphysema

For more details, kindly visit below.

Causes and treatment for irritating Eye twitching.

Causes and treatment for irritating Eye twitching.

Comments 0 Comment

Myokymia, or twitching of the eyelids, can be brought on by dry eyes, eye irritation, eye strain, lack of sleep, or an excessive amount of caffeine. Eyelid spasms that are severe or persistent could be symptoms of various diseases.

Myokymia, often known as an eyelid twitch, is a recurrent, uncontrollable spasm of the eyelid muscles. Although it can happen in either the upper or lower lids, a twitch typically happens in the upper lid.

These spasms are typically minor and feel like a slight tugging on the eyelid. Some people may have a spasm that is severe enough to make both eyelids totally close. These spasms normally last for a minute or two and happen every few seconds.

Eyelid twitching episodes might happen at any time. It’s possible for the twitch to come and go for several days. After that, you might not twitch for several weeks or even months.

Although the twitches are usually mild and unharmful, you could find them annoying. Most spasms will go away on their own, rarely requiring medical intervention.

When they are accompanied by additional face twitches or uncontrollable movements, eyelid spasms can occasionally be a sign of a persistent movement problem.

Types of eyelid twitches

Three types of eyelid twitching can be distinguished:

  • General eyelid spasm
  • essential blepharospasm
  • hemifacial spasm

General eyelid spasm

Eyelid spasms occasionally are deemed normal and don’t always signify a major issue. These twitches can be caused by a number of environmental causes and typically go away when you rest. You might want to discuss your symptoms with your doctor if these twitches persist and interfere with your daily activities.

Benign essential blepharospasm

You can have benign essential blepharospasm, which is the terminology for persistent and involuntary winking or blinking, if the spasms become chronic (long-term).

Usually affecting both eyes, this illness is more prevalent in women than in men. Up to 50,000 Americans may be affected by it, and it often appears in middle to late adulthood. Over time, the condition is likely to get worse and may lead to:

  • hazy vision
  • increased light sensitivity
  • facial twitches

Hemifacial spasm

When only one eye is affected by the eyelid twitch, a hemifacial spasm may be present. This particular spasm is a neuromuscular problem that is typically brought on by a blood vessel placing too much pressure on a facial nerve.

In addition to being more prevalent in Asian people, this illness affects women more frequently than it does men. Untreated, it could result in:

  • eye twitching that occurs often and without control
  • not being able to open your eye
  • your entire facial muscles on one side start to twitch.

What causes eyelid twitches?

There are many different reasons why eyelids could twitch. Talking to your doctor about this symptom could be helpful if it is causing you any trouble.

Eyelid twitching or spasms could be brought on by or aggravated by:

  • corneal abrasion, eye strain, or irritation
  • irritations caused by the environment, such as wind, bright lights, the sun, or air pollution
  • weariness or little sleep
  • physical effort or tension
  • usage of coffee, cigarettes, or alcohol
  • wet eyes
  • adverse effects of medicine
  • sensitivity to light
  • Uveitis, or swelling of your eye’s middle layer
  • Eyelid inflammation is known as blepharitis.
  • Pinkeye, or conjunctivitis
  • migraine attacks

Complications of eyelid twitches

Rarely are spasms of the eyelids a sign of a more severe brain or nerve problem. These more serious illnesses nearly typically come with other symptoms in addition to eyelid twitching.

The following brain and nerve conditions might produce eyelid twitches:

  • Bell’s palsy, also known as facial palsy, is a disorder that makes one side of your face droop downward.
  • Dytonia, which results in sporadic muscle spasms and twisting or contorting of the bodily part in question
  • Due to cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis), your neck may occasionally spasm and your head may occasionally twist in an uncomfortable manner.
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS), a condition of the central nervous system that impairs movement and cognition and produces exhaustion and eye twitching
  • Parkinson’s disease, which can result in shaky limbs, rigid muscles, balance issues, and speech difficulties
  • Involuntary movements and verbal tics are hallmarks of the Tourette syndrome.

Eye Twitching Treatment

The majority of mild twitches vanish on their own. Getting enough sleep and limiting coffee, alcohol, and tobacco use may be beneficial. Try over-the-counter artificial tears if your eyes are dry or irritated.

Benign essential blepharospasm cannot be cured. However, your physician can provide symptom relief. Botulinum toxin is the most widely utilised therapy (Botox, Dysport, Xeomin). Hemifacial spasms are also treated by it.

To reduce the spasms, your doctor will inject little quantities into your eye muscles. The effect gradually fades away after a few months. You’ll require multiple treatments.

Your doctor might recommend drugs such as:

  • Clonazepam (Klonopin)
  • Lorazepam (Ativan)
  • Hydrochloride of trichexyphenidyl (Artane, Trihexane, Tritane)

These typically provide only transient comfort.

Alternative therapies consist of:

  • Biofeedback
  • Acupuncture
  • Hypnosis
  • Chiropractic
  • Nutritional treatment
  • coloured glasses

These therapies haven’t been shown to be effective in scientific trials. Your doctor might recommend surgery in some circumstances. Some of the muscles and nerves that surround your eyelid are removed during a treatment known as a myectomy.

A hemifacial spasm is brought on by pressure from an artery on your facial nerve, which can be relieved through surgery. The effects are long-lasting. However, there is always a potential of problems with surgery.

Eye Twitch prevention

Try keeping a notebook and documenting when your eyelid spasms occur if they are happening more regularly.

Take note of how much caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco you consume, as well as your level of stress and the amount of sleep you have been obtaining in the days before and during the eyelid twitching.

Try going to bed 30 minutes to an hour earlier if you notice that you experience more spasms when you don’t get enough sleep to help relieve the strain on your eyes and lessen your spasms.

REFERENCES:

  • https://www.healthline.com/health/eyelid-twitch
  • https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/eye-twitching/basics/causes/sym-20050838
  • https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/why-your-eyes-twitch
  • https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17663-eye-twitching

For more details, kindly visit below.

Important guide on causes and prevention of kidney stones.

Important guide on causes and prevention of kidney stones.

Comments 0 Comment

When dissolved minerals accumulate inside the kidneys, kidney stones begin to form. Low fluid intake, dietary elements, and a person’s medical background could all play a role in their development.

Some kidney stones can develop to the size of a golf ball, however most kidney stones are small and pass through the urinary canal undetected. Significant discomfort may be experienced as larger stones exit the body.

Kidney damage, infections, and urinary issues can result from kidney stones if they are not treated. In the United States, kidney stones are a prevalent issue, and the prevalence seems to be increasing. According to one study, dietary habits and climate change may be responsible for this increase.

Types of kidney stones

The crystals that make up kidney stones differ from stone to stone. Kidney stones come in several varieties, including:

Calcium Stones

The majority of stones are calcium stones. They can be manufactured of calcium phosphate or maleate, although they are frequently made of calcium oxalate.

Your risk of getting this kind of stone can be decreased by consuming less meals high in oxalate. Foods high in oxalate include:

  • fried potatoes
  • peanuts
  • chocolate
  • spinach

Getting adequate calcium in your diet can stop stones from forming, even though some kidney stones are comprised of calcium.

Uric acid stones

The second most typical kidney stone is this kind. People with gout, diabetes, obesity, and other forms of metabolic syndrome are susceptible to them.

When urine is too acidic, this type of stone can form. A diet high in purines can raise the acidity of urine. Animal proteins like fish, shellfish, and meats contain a colourless chemical called purine.

Struvite stone

UTI sufferers are more likely to get this sort of stone (UTIs). Large stones of this nature can clog the urinary tract.

Stones called struvite are brought on by kidney illness. Strucvite stones can be avoided by treating an underlying infection.

Cystine Stones

Cysteine kidney stones occur in about 1 in 7,000 individuals worldwide. The hereditary condition cystinuria causes them in both men and women.

An acid that exists naturally in the body, cystine, seeps from the kidneys into the urine when this sort of stone forms.

Symptoms of kidney stones

Kidney stones can be excruciatingly painful. It’s possible that kidney stones don’t show any symptoms until they start to pass through the ureters. Renal colic is the name for this excruciating discomfort. One side of your back or abdomen may be painful.

Pain may spread to a man’s groyne area. Renal colic can cause severe discomfort that comes and goes. Renal colic patients frequently exhibit restlessness.

Kidney stone symptoms frequently include:

  • either side of the abdomen, the groyne, or both
  • urine with blood in it
  • nausea and diarrhoea
  • an infection of the urinary tract (UTI)
  • If there is an infection, there will be fever and chills
  • a greater urge to urinate

A kidney infection might happen if kidney stones prevent urine from passing. The signs consist of:

  • a temperature and chills
  • tiredness and fragility
  • diarrhoea
  • hazy, repulsive urine

One should seek immediate medical attention if they experience any of these symptoms.

Causes of Kidney disease

People between the ages of 20 and 50 have the highest risk of developing kidney stones. Your likelihood of getting a stone might be increased by a variety of reasons. White Americans have a higher kidney stone prevalence than Black Americans in the US.

Sex also has an impact. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, more men than women experience kidney stones (NIDDK).

Kidney stones in the past could put you at danger. A history of kidney stones in the family also helps. Other danger signs consist of:

  • dehydration
  • obesity
  • consuming a lot of protein, salt, or sugar
  • state of hyperparathyroidism
  • having a gastric bypass
  • gastrointestinal conditions that enhance calcium absorption
  • taking prescription pharmaceuticals including calcium-based antacids, triamterene diuretics, and seizure meds

Risk factors for kidney stone

In addition to dehydration, the following factors raise the risk of kidney stones:

  • a personal or family history of kidney stones
  • being at least 40 years old, while they occasionally impact kids
  • sex, as they are more prevalent in men than in women.
  • a diet heavy in salt and protein
  • a sedentary way of life
  • obesity
  • diabetes
  • blood pressure is high.
  • pregnancy
  • recent digestive system surgery
  • Health disorders like persistent diarrhoea and inflammatory bowel illness that interfere with the body’s ability to absorb calcium

A number of drugs, including topiramate (Topamax) and allopurinol (Zyloprim), can also raise the risk. If patients have questions regarding any medications they are taking, they should consult their doctor.

Diagnosis of kidney Stone

A kidney stone’s presence can be determined by a number of tests.

  • Physical testing may reveal that the kidneys are the cause of the pain.
  • A urine test can detect infections or blood in the pee.
  • Complications can be found using blood tests.
  • Any structural alterations will be visible through imaging tests like a CT scan or ultrasound.

Imaging tests can assist physicians in determining:

  • whether there is a stone
  • any stones’ size and placement
  • if there are any obstructions
  • the state of the urinary system
  • whether or not the problems have impacted other organs

The absence of radiation makes an ultrasound during pregnancy preferable to a CT scan.

How are kidney stones treated?

Your healthcare professional will first decide if you even require therapy after a diagnosis. When you urinate, some tiny kidney stones might pass from your body. This may cause severe agony. Your treatment choices, if determined by your doctor to be necessary, include both medication and surgery.

  • Medications. Drugs could be recommended for:
    • lessen the pain. An over-the-counter drug like ibuprofen or, if you’re in the emergency room, an IV narcotic may be suggested by your healthcare professional.
    • Control nausea and vomiting.
    • To help the stones pass, relax your ureter. Tamsulosin (Flomax®) and nifedipine (Adamant® or Procardia®) are two drugs that are frequently recommended.

Ibuprofen should only be taken after consulting a healthcare professional. When used during an acute kidney stone attack, this medication can raise the risk of kidney failure, especially in people with a history of renal disease and related conditions such diabetes, hypertension, and obesity.

Surgery. To treat kidney stones, four different surgical procedures are available. The first three are minimally invasive, which means the doctor enters your body by a small incision or a natural entrance (like your urethra).

  • Ureteroscopy
  • Shockwave lithotripsy:
  • Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
  • Open stone surgery

How to prevent kidney stones?

A crucial preventive action is proper hydration. It is advised to consume enough liquid to produce at least 2.5 litres of pee every day. It helps to cleanse the kidneys when you pass more urine.

To assist you consume more fluids, you can substitute fruit juice, ginger ale, and lemon-lime soda for water. Citrate juices may aid in the prevention of stones if the cause of the stones is low citrate levels.

You can lessen your risk of kidney stones by limiting your intake of salt and animal proteins as well as oxalate-rich meals.

To aid in preventing the production of calcium and uric acid stones, your doctor may prescribe medicines. Consult your doctor to learn the best ways to prevent kidney stones if you’ve already had one or are at risk of getting one.

REFERENCES:

  • https://www.healthline.com/health/kidney-stones
  • https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/154193
  • https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/symptoms-causes/syc-20355755
  • https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15604-kidney-stones
  • https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/other-kidney-problems/kidney-stones

For more details, kindly visit below.

General causes, symptoms, & remedies to treat hemorrhoids.

General causes, symptoms, & remedies to treat hemorrhoids.

Comments 0 Comment

Hemorrhoids develop when the veins around your anus swell, frequently as a result of constipation or straining during bowel movements. Hemorrhoids of a particular variety can be quite painful.

What is Hemorrhoids?

Hemorrhoids, often known as piles, are enlarged veins in the lower rectum and anus that resemble varicose veins. Internal haemorrhoids, which appear under the skin around the anus, are haemorrhoids that form inside the rectum (external hemorrhoids).

Nearly three out of every four adults will get haemorrhoids occasionally. There are numerous causes of haemorrhoids, however frequently the cause is not known. Fortunately, there are treatments for haemorrhoids that work. Home remedies and alterations in lifestyle help a lot of people.

Types of hemorrhoids

Your rectum may develop haemorrhoids inside or outside of it. Where the vein becomes enlarged determines the kind. Types consist of:

  • Externally, the skin around your anus develops swollen veins. The canal in your anus is where your faeces exit. The irritation and pain of external haemorrhoids might vary. They bleed once in awhile. They sometimes become filled with blood that could clot. Although this is not harmful, it may cause pain and swelling.
  • Internal: Your rectum develops swollen veins. The portion of your digestive system known as your rectum joins your colon (large intestine) to your anus. Although internal haemorrhoids might bleed, they often don’t hurt.
  • Hemorrhoids can prolapse either internally or externally, which means they can stretch and enlarge outside of your anus. They could bleed or result in pain.

What causes hemorrhoids?

Hemorrhoids are a result of straining, which puts pressure on the veins in your rectum or anus. They may come to mind as varicose veins on your bottom.

Anal and rectal veins might swell and inflame as a result of any strain that puts more pressure on your tummy or lower extremities. The following factors might cause haemorrhoids to form:

  • during a bowel movement, straining
  • long periods of sitting, particularly on the toilet
  • having persistent diarrhoea or constipation
  • having haemorrhoids in your family
  • carrying out regular heavy lifting or other physically demanding activities
  • being overweight
  • sexual activity that takes place anally, which might aggravate haemorrhoids
  • having a baby (an enlarged uterus presses on the vein in the colon, causing it to bulge)
  • being 50 years or older

Symptoms of hemorrhoids

The sort of haemorrhoids you have will determine your symptoms.

As a result of internal haemorrhoids,

  • the presence of blood on tissue following a bowel movement
  • skin that protrudes from the anus when a person urinates

Symptoms of an external haemorrhage include:

  • intense itchiness in the anus
  • unpleasant lump(s) or swelling(s) close to your anus
  • Anus aches or pains, especially when sitting

Often, haemorrhoids don’t hurt. However, external haemorrhoids can occasionally cause a blood clot to grow on the skin. A thrombosed haemorrhoid is what this condition is. Hemorrhoids inside the body can also prolapse. Therefore, they won’t close themselves off inside the anus. Hemorrhoids that have prolapsed or that have thrombosed can be quite painful.

Hemorrhoids are not life threatening and frequently go away on their own without treatment, despite the fact that they can be very unpleasant.

Whenever you experience bleeding or black stools, see your doctor. Bleeding must be examined because it can have causes other than haemorrhoids. If after a week of home treatment, haemorrhoids don’t improve, consult a doctor as well.

How are hemorrhoids diagnosed?

The diagnosis of haemorrhoids may be made simply by looking at your anus. Your doctor might perform a separate examination to look for any anomalies inside the anus in order to confirm the diagnosis.

Known as a digital rectal exam, this test is performed. Your doctor will probe your rectum with a finger that is gloved and lubricated during this examination. Your doctor may prescribe an extra test such an anoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or colonoscopy depending on your risk factors for digestive disorders.

Each of these examinations entails your doctor using a tiny camera to look for any irregularities in your colon, rectum, or anus. The interior of your anus is inspected by an anoscopy, the final two feet (50 centimetres) of your colon are investigated by a sigmoidoscopy, and the entire colon is investigated by a colonoscopy.

In these exams, a tiny fiber-optic camera is introduced into a tiny tube that is placed in your rectum. Your doctor may inspect the haemorrhoid up close with the help of this test since it provides a clear picture of the interior of your rectum.

Treatment options for hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids can be treated at a doctor’s office or at home.

Pain reduction

Spend at least 10 minutes each day in a warm tub of water to reduce pain. To ease the discomfort of external haemorrhoids, you can also sit on a warm water bottle.

Use an over-the-counter (OTC) medication suppository, ointment, or cream to ease the burning and itching if the pain is intolerable. Hemorrhoid suppositories are available both online and offline.

Fiber-rich foods and supplements

You can also use an over-the-counter fibre supplement if you have constipation to assist soften your stools. The supplements psyllium and methylcellulose are two examples of this kind.

A home remedy

Your discomfort from haemorrhoids can be reduced by over-the-counter topical medications like hydrocortisone or haemorrhoid cream. Witch hazel pads can also provide relief from haemorrhoids.

  • Both hydrocortisone and haemorrhoid cream are available online.
  • It may also be beneficial to soak your anus for 10 to 15 minutes each day in a sitz bath.
  • Every day, take a shower or bath and wash your anus with warm water to maintain proper cleanliness. However, avoid using soap because it can make haemorrhoids worse. Additionally, when wiping after a bowel movement, avoid using toilet paper that is dry or scratchy.
  • Your anus can benefit from applying a cold compress to lessen haemorrhoid swelling. Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or aspirin are examples of painkillers that can help with discomfort or pain.

Medical procedures

Your doctor might advise obtaining a rubber band ligation if self-care measures are unsuccessful in treating your haemorrhoids. During this operation, the doctor ties a rubber band around the haemorrhoid to stop blood flow to it.

As a result, the haemorrhoid loses circulation and must contract. A medical practitioner should be the only one to carry out this surgery. Don’t attempt this alone.

Injection treatment, also known as sclerotherapy, may be used by your doctor if rubber band ligation is not a possibility for you. Your doctor directly injects a drug into the blood vessel during this treatment. The haemorrhoid becomes smaller as a result.

Prevention of hemorrhoids

Steer clear of straining when having a bowel movement to stop or stop haemorrhoids from getting worse. Try to consume more water as well. Getting adequate water can prevent the hardness of your faeces.

To stop haemorrhoids from forming, use the bathroom as soon as you begin to feel a bowel movement coming on. Avoid sitting for extended periods of time, especially on hard surfaces like concrete or tile, to prevent constipation. Exercise frequently.

The likelihood of having haemorrhoids later on can be reduced by eating meals high in dietary fibre. Good sources of dietary fibre include:

  • whole grain
  • brow risotto
  • oatmeal
  • pears
  • carrots
  • buckwheat
  • bran

Dietary fibre aids in the development of intestinal bulk, which softens the stool and makes it simpler to pass.

REFERENCES:

  • https://www.healthline.com/health/hemorrhoids
  • https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/73938
  • https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemorrhoids/symptoms-causes/syc-20360268
  • https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15120-hemorrhoids
  • https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/understanding-hemorrhoids-basics

For more details, kindly visit below.

How common is chikungunya virus and its symptoms?

How common is chikungunya virus and its symptoms?

Comments 0 Comment

Humans become infected with the chikungunya virus through mosquito bites. Fever and joint ache are two symptoms. Although it is rarely fatal, the symptoms can be very bad, very persistent, and very crippling.

More than a fifth of the world’s countries now have cases of what was formerly thought to be a tropical disease. This page will describe the chikungunya virus, including its causes, symptoms, treatments, diagnosis, and prevention measures.

The bite of a female mosquito carrying the chikungunya virus is the main method of transmission. It is generally not thought to be communicable, but in a few rare instances, the virus can be spread by coming into contact with someone who has the infection through their blood.

How is it spread and found?

Chikungunya, which was formerly restricted to Africa and Asia, has rapidly spread since 2004. Today, more than one-third of the world’s population resides in areas at risk for infection. The Americas, Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Caribbean islands, as well as those in the Indian and Pacific oceans, are among these locations.

When a mosquito bites a person, the mosquito bites carry the chikungunya virus. Chikungunya cannot be contracted from another person. However, when a mosquito bites a person who is infected, the virus is spread. To prevent the virus from infecting others, refrain from acquiring further mosquito bites if you have the infection. Avoid travelling as well.

Symptoms of chickungunya

A fever is usually the initial symptom of chikungunya, followed by a rash. Typically, 4 to 8 days after a mosquito bite, an infected person becomes unwell (but the range can be 2 to 12 days).

These signs include:

  • abrupt onset of a fever (typically above 102 degrees F)
  • Joint aches
  • Headache
  • Myalgia
  • Arthritis
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • rash with maculopapules (characterized by a flat red area on the skin covered with elevated bumps)

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3 to 28% of chikungunya infections are asymptomatic even though the majority of those who contract the virus exhibit symptoms.

Causes and Risk Factors of Chikungunya

A virus called chikungunya is spread to people by infected mosquitoes. The virus that causes chikungunya (CHIKV) is to blame.

The virus cannot be passed on directly from one sick individual to another. When a mosquito feeds on a person who has the virus circulating in their blood, the sickness is transmitted. Through its bite, the mosquito can acquire the virus and pass it on to another person.

No infants have been discovered to have acquired the chikungunya virus through breastfeeding, according to the CDC. Mosquitoes carrying the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus species are the primary vectors of the chikungunya virus. The mosquitoes that spread the dengue virus are the same ones.

Urban mosquito A. aegypti has been predominantly linked to CHIKV epidemics in Africa and Asia. However, A. albopictus has been introduced as a second important CHIKV spreader since an incident on Réunion in 2005.

A. albopictus has a larger geographic range and can endure in moderate areas. Contrary to A. aegypti, which primarily inhabits tropical and subtropical regions, A key risk factor for chikungunya is the presence of mosquito breeding grounds close to places where people live.

Complications of chikungunya

Possible complications include:

  • Uveitis is an inflammation of the part of the eye’s ocular structure that is between the inner retina and the outer fibrous layer, which is made up of the sclera and cornea.
  • Retinal inflammation is known as retinal retinitis.
  • Heart muscle inflammation is known as myocarditis.
  • Hepatitis is liver inflammation.
  • Kidney inflammation is known as nephritis.
  • Hemorrhage means to bleed.
  • Meningoencephalitis is an inflammation of the brain and surrounding cerebral tissue membranes.
  • Spinal cord inflammation is known as myelitis.
  • Muscle weakness is a hallmark of the rare peripheral nervous system disorder Guillain-Barré syndrome.
  • Loss of function in the cranial nerves is known as cranial nerve palsies.

Diagnosis of chikungunya

Since symptoms of chikungunya are frequently difficult to distinguish from those of other illnesses, only a blood test can provide a conclusive diagnosis.

Dengue fever has a greater fatality rate than chikungunya, which is 0.1 percent, and must be ruled out as soon as possible because to its higher mortality rate of up to 50% if left untreated.

A person with the aforementioned symptoms should see a doctor as soon as feasible if they have recently been to a region where either of these diseases is prevalent.

Treatment of chikungunya

Although the virus is rarely lethal, its symptoms can be very bad and incapacitating. The majority of people get over their fever in a week, but joint pain might last for months. 20% of patients still experience persistent joint discomfort one year afterwards.

Chikungunya is not specifically treatable with medication; instead, doctors advise rest and drinking lots of fluids.

Fever and joint pain can be reduced with over-the-counter drugs. These consist of:

  • naproxen
  • ibuprofen
  • acetaminophen
  • Physiotherapy may be beneficial for aches that remain longer.

Vaccination for chikungunya

Although there is currently no vaccination or antiviral medication available, the illness is often transient and seldom lethal. The goal of medication is to treat the symptoms rather than the underlying problem. Currently, a phase 2 clinical trial of a chikungunya vaccine is being funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). As opposed to inactivated or weakened viruses, the vaccine uses so-called virus-like particles (VLPs).

The immunological responses induced by VLP-based vaccinations can resemble those produced by naturally acquired immunity after viral infection. VLPs can’t reproduce themselves and are not contagious. VLP vaccines do not require the use of entire viruses, hence high-level biocontainment facilities are not required for their preparation.

Prevention of Chikungunya

Since mosquito bites are the primary way of chikungunya transmission, avoiding mosquito contact is one of the greatest preventative measures. The following actions can be followed to stave off chikungunya:

  • using DEET (N, N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide) or picaridin-containing insect repellent to skin and clothing.
  • covering one’s entire body with garments.
  • attempting to spend as much time indoors as you can, particularly in the morning and evening.
  • avoiding trips to places where epidemics are happening.
  • It may be useful to use products that contain PMD (p-Menthane-3,8-diol) or oil of lemon eucalyptus.
  • using air conditioning to keep rooms cool prevents mosquitoes from entering.
  • sleeping with a mosquito net over you.
  • utilising pesticide vaporizers and mosquito coils.

Although chikungunya seldom results in death, the symptoms can be debilitating and last for a long time. The secret is avoiding mosquitoes.

REFERENCES:

  • https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/306828
  • https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-chikungunya
  • https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/expert-answers/what-is-chikungunya-fever/faq-20109686
  • https://www.everydayhealth.com/chikungunya/guide/

For more details, kindly visit below.

Latest note on hairloss types and its remedy.

Latest note on hairloss types and its remedy.

Comments 0 Comment

Biologists have recently unravelled many of the mysteries surrounding hair growth and loss in disorders like pattern baldness and alopecia areata. In this Special Feature, we examine the most recent advancements and therapies while also debating the viability of hair loss prevention.

Alopecia, or hair loss, is a fairly common condition. Although it’s more common in older people, anyone can get it, even kids.

The American Academy of Dermatology estimates that between 50 and 100 hairs fall out on average per day (AAD). Your head has roughly 100,000 hairs, so that slight loss is not visible. In most cases, new hair grows in to replace the lost hair, although this isn’t always the case.

Hair loss can occur suddenly or gradually over many years. It could be either transient or permanent, depending on the underlying cause.

Hair loss symptoms

Although excessive hair loss is the primary sign of alopecia, it might be trickier to spot than you might expect.

The symptoms listed below can give some indications:

  • Expanding portion. If you separate your hair, you can begin to notice that your part is expanding, which may indicate hair thinning.
  • Hairline is receding. Likely an indication of thinning hair is if you find your hairline is higher than usual.
  • Untied hair. After using a brush or comb, inspect it. Are there more hair clumps than usual? If so, hair loss might be indicated by this.
  • Bald spots. These might come in different sizes and develop over time.
  • Drain blockages. Your shower or sink drains can be obstructed with fallen hair.
  • Itching or pain. You might also feel pain or itching on your scalp if you have a skin issue that is the root of your hair loss.

Types and causes of hair loss

There are various types of hair loss, some of which are more frequent than others and have unique underlying reasons.

Depending on the type of hair loss, heredity, internal causes, or external sources may be to blame. Here are a few examples of hair loss in different contexts:

Androgenic alopecia

Androgenic alopecia, often known as “pattern alopecia,” is inherited hair loss such as male pattern baldness or female pattern baldness. It can affect both sexes. Up to 50% of people have hair loss due to it, making it the most prevalent reason.

Androgenic alopecia-related hair loss typically occurs gradually. While some people may start losing their hair before adolescence, others may not start noticing symptoms until their middle ages.

Female pattern baldness frequently manifests as scalp thinning all throughout and may seem as widening or thinning around the part. Although it usually starts after the age of 65, it can start earlier in life for some ladies.

Male pattern baldness often causes a “M” shape to the head due to gradual hair loss above the temples and thinning towards the crown.

Alopecia areata

Due to the autoimmune disease alopecia areata, your immune system attacks your hair follicles, causing little to big bald patches to appear. It might result in total hair loss in some circumstances.

Some persons with alopecia areata also have hair loss from their brows, eyelashes, or other body regions in addition to scalp hair loss.

Anagen effluvium

In anagen effluvium, hair is lost quickly. Typically, radiation or chemotherapy treatments are to blame for this.

Following the end of the treatment, hair normally grows back.

Telogen effluvium

An emotional or physical shock, such as a traumatic event, a prolonged period of high stress, or a serious disease, can cause a type of sudden hair loss known as telogen effluvium.

It may also occur as a result of hormonal changes, such as those that take place in:

The following are additional telogen effluvium causes:

  • malnutrition, which may include vitamin or mineral deficiencies
  • some endocrine conditions
  • switching between hormonal birth control methods
  • due to the anaesthetic after surgery
  • serious infections like COVID-19 or acute illnesses

It may also result from a number of drugs, including:

  • anticoagulants
  • anticonvulsants
  • retinoids taken orally
  • beta-blockers
  • thyroid-related drugs

Once the underlying reason has been treated, this kind of hair loss frequently returns on its own.

Capitis tinea

Tinea capitis, often known as scalp ringworm, is a fungal infection that can harm the hair shaft and scalp. It results in tiny, scaly, irritating bald spots. If left untreated, the patch or patches will enlarge and fill with pus over time.

Additionally, scarring from trusted sources might result from these patches, also known as kerion.

Additional signs include:

With antifungal medicine, it is curable.

Pull-out alopecia

Too much strain and tension on the hair, frequently from wearing it in tight fashions like braids, ponytails, or buns, causes traction alopecia.

How is hair loss diagnosed?

It’s recommended to make an appointment with a medical practitioner if you detect any changes in your hair because so many reasons can result in hair loss. To help identify the causes, they’ll probably utilise a combination of your health history, including any recent illnesses, surgeries, life stressors, and family history, as well as a physical exam.

They could take a biopsy of the skin on your scalp if they suspect an autoimmune or skin disorder. For laboratory testing, numerous little skin samples must be carefully removed.

It’s crucial to bear in mind that hair development is a complicated process, and you might need a number of tests to figure out the root of your hair loss. If it is initially difficult to determine what the potential underlying causes might be, a biopsy might also be performed.

Additionally, they could request blood testing to look for any nutrient shortages or indications of an underlying illness.

How To Stop & Control Hair Fall?

Medications

If you have been experimenting with hair-regrowth drugs, you must be familiar with minoxidil. This over-the-counter medication is thought to promote hair growth. Don’t use high doses because they can cause acne and scalp irritation.

Another drug that aids in the contraction of hair follicles to stop hair breakage when pulled is phenylephrine.

Another drug that promotes hair growth and is accessible only with a prescription is finasteride.

Occupational Therapy Options

Transplanting hair

Hair follicles from a donor spot on your body are surgically removed and then transplanted to balding areas as part of the hair transplant procedure. This treatment, which is minimally invasive, is frequently used to treat male pattern baldness.

Scalp Shortening

As the name suggests, a scalp reduction surgery is surgically removing balding patches from the scalp. It is used to both men and women and resembles scalp lifting.

Laser Treatment

Low-level lasers can help those who are undergoing chemotherapy or have genetic hair loss. Red light therapy activates epidermal stem cells, which is how it works.

Plasminogen-rich plasma

Your blood is centrifuged to separate the platelets from the rest of the blood. Your scalp is subsequently stimulated with this platelet-rich plasma to promote hair growth.

Substitute medical care

Despite the lack of scientific proof, people have been adopting natural remedies to help prevent hair loss for centuries. Common all-natural remedies for hair growth include onion juice, hibiscus leaves, coconut oil, green tea, and aloe vera massages.

Diet

Eat a diet high in protein. Amla can help you avoid hair loss and hair ageing, so include it in your diet. Our resident physician, Dr. Zeel, advises you to consume less salt and spice.

She asserts that “moong beans and coconut are particularly effective at halting hair loss. Early greying and hair loss are definitely caused by excessive salt consumption. Regular consumption of raw aloe leaf juice can help regulate hormones and stop hormone-related hair loss.

Hair Fall Prevention Tips

  • Change to a healthy diet.
  • Get enough rest.
  • Avoid having tight haircuts.
  • Take a tablet of multivitamins.
  • When you are outside in the smog, cover your hair with a scarf.
  • Avoid using hair styling methods as much as you can.
  • Regular oil massages will strengthen the roots, reduce stress, and soothe the mind.
  • Hot water hair washing might result in hair loss. It is always advised to wash your hair with cool water.

REFERENCES:

  • https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hair-loss-the-latest-science-on-causes-treatment-and-prevention
  • https://www.healthline.com/health/hair-loss
  • https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hair-loss/symptoms-causes/syc-20372926
  • https://skinkraft.com/blogs/articles/hair-loss

For more details, kindly visit below.