Lupus affects everyone differently, but certain signs and symptoms are common to most individuals. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a sign is a medical finding your doctor observes during a physical exam, while a symptom is a subjective experience, such as joint stiffness or headache. In addition, several autoimmune diseases share overlapping features. Other conditions, such as fibromyalgia in people with lupus, occur commonly but are not directly due to disease activity. These co-occurring conditions are known as “comorbidities.”

Fever

The average human body temperature is approximately 98.5°F, but many people run slightly above or below this mark. A temperature of 101°F is generally accepted as a fever. According to Mayo Clinic, many people with lupus experience recurring low-grade fevers that may signal inflammation, infection, or an approaching lupus flare. Persistent or high fever should always be reported to a physician.

Joint Stiffness

Many lupus patients experience joint stiffness, especially in the morning. Warm showers may provide temporary relief. If stiffness interferes with daily activities, a medical evaluation is important. Similar symptoms are also seen in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory joint conditions. The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) notes that joint pain may occur with or without true arthritis.

If fevers last several days or recur frequently, record your temperature twice daily. A fever of 101°F or higher requires medical attention. Patients taking steroids or immunosuppressive drugs should be especially alert for infection, as outlined by the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Weight Changes

Increased lupus activity or medication side effects may cause weight loss or appetite changes. The Lupus Foundation of America recommends reporting unexplained weight changes to your doctor to rule out complications.

Conversely, corticosteroids can lead to weight gain. Maintaining a balanced diet and physical activity is important. Chronic inflammation may also raise the risk of heart disease, making weight management especially important for people with lupus.

Fatigue and Malaise

Nearly 90% of people with lupus experience fatigue at some point. According to Mayo Clinic, fatigue may also be related to treatable conditions such as anemia, thyroid disease, or fibromyalgia. Persistent fatigue should be discussed with a healthcare provider.

Sjögren’s Syndrome

Up to 10% of people with lupus may develop Sjögren’s syndrome, an autoimmune disorder affecting tear and saliva production. Regular treatment helps prevent discomfort and long-term complications.

Depression

Depression and anxiety affect nearly one-third of people with lupus. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) notes that chronic illness and steroid medications can both contribute to clinical depression, which is treatable with appropriate care.

Gastrointestinal Problems

Heartburn and GERD are common in lupus, often related to medications. The American College of Gastroenterology recommends a medical evaluation if reflux symptoms persist beyond two weeks.

Thyroid Problems

Autoimmune thyroid disease frequently co-occurs with lupus. According to the American Thyroid Association, both hypo- and hyperthyroidism can significantly affect metabolism and organ function.

Osteoporosis

People with lupus are at increased risk of bone loss due to inflammation and steroid use. Learn more about osteoporosis causes, symptoms, and prevention to better understand how to protect long-term bone health. The National Osteoporosis Foundation notes that appropriate treatment can significantly reduce fracture risk.