Mounjaro, Zepbound can help with weight loss in people with long-term obesity

Mounjaro, Zepbound can help with weight loss in people with long-term obesity

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No matter how long a person has struggled with obesity or weight issues, weight loss medications like Mounjaro and Zepbound, which contain the ingredient trizepatide, can help them lose weight and decrease their waist circumference. Research on this topic will be presented at the European Congress on Obesity in Venice, Italy, in May of this year. The results have not yet been released in a peer-reviewed publication. The U.S.A. The FDA approved Mounjaro in 2022 to treat type 2 diabetes, and Zepbound in 2023 to help adults who have a body mass index (BMI) of over 30 or over 27 and at least one weight-related comorbidity manage their weight.

A bariatric surgeon and the medical director of the MemorialCare Surgical Weight Loss Center at Orange Coast Medical Center in California, who was not involved in the study, stated that the results are not shocking. These drugs are made to help you lose weight by interacting with your hormones. Throughout the study, they performed as intended. Although providing patients with a non-surgical option is a good idea, tirzepatide has certain drawbacks. According to Ali, Medical News Today, people need to take the medication consistently for it to be effective. If they haven’t taken the time to examine and alter their eating and lifestyle habits while taking the medication, the weight may return when they stop taking it. According to a 2023 study, after taking medication for 36 weeks, those who were switched to a placebo gained 14% of their original weight back. Five percent more of their body weight was lost by those who continued taking the medication.

In addition, insurance frequently does not cover the medication. The medication does have some side effects, but they are limited to mild nausea, vomiting, and constipation. To minimize side effects, we start patients on a low dose and work our way up. The figures show comparable rates of weight loss, regardless of the patient’s length of obesity. Regardless of their starting BMI, the second abstract shows comparable weight loss of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% of initial baseline weight, according to Lofton, who spoke with Medical News Today. Regardless of the patient’s starting BMI or length of obesity, I think this information can help prescribers decide that it’s never too late to treat an obese patient and that we have scientific proof to extrapolate the significant weight loss shown in the trials to our patients in a reasonable manner. Nevertheless, since each patient is unique, we must utilize our clinical judgment to identify the most appropriate course of treatment.

The companies that make Zepbound and Mounjaro, Eli Lilly and Company, provided funding for both the 2023 study and this new investigation. There’s always a chance of biases in studies that are sponsored by manufacturers, according to Ali. Still, I believe the results are reliable because multiple other studies have reached the same conclusion. As these studies are being reviewed by the FDA, I do not think that funding from Lilly has influenced these results because this subset analysis of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial,” Lofton stated. “Data safety monitoring boards are also tasked with reviewing the studies, which were conducted by medical peers who are independent of the company.

REFERENCES:

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/mounjaro-zepbound-can-help-with-weight-loss-in-people-with-long-term-obesity
https://www.healthline.com/health-news/zepbound-weight-loss-questions-answered
https://www.forbes.com/sites/ariannajohnson/2024/02/05/lillys-weight-loss-drug-tirzepatide-may-significantly-reduce-blood-pressure-study-finds/?sh=5dbb7f98230b

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Weight loss drug Wegovy gains FDA approval to reduce heart disease risk

Weight loss drug Wegovy gains FDA approval to reduce heart disease risk

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The semaglutide drug Wegovy was approved by the FDA on March 8 to help lower the risk of heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular death in adults with heart disease who are obese or overweight. According to the indication, semaglutide should be used in conjunction with a lower-calorie diet and more exercise. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) first authorized semaglutide in 2017 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in adults. The FDA approved Novo Nordisk’s semaglutide drug Wegovy in 2021 for the treatment of obesity and overweight adults who also have at least one weight-related condition.

Medication classified as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists includes semaglutide, which was first created to treat type 2 diabetes. Since then, the use of GLP-1 medications to treat weight loss has skyrocketed. Researchers have looked into the effects of semaglutide on cardiovascular health in recent years. For example, a 2021 study discovered a link between semaglutide and anti-atherosclerotic benefits. According to a 2023 study, semaglutide may help adults with obesity who do not have diabetes by improving cardiometabolic risk factors and lowering the usage of high blood pressure and high cholesterol medications.

This class of medications may help lower blood pressure and cholesterol, two risk factors for cardiovascular disease, by promoting weight loss and weight control. By addressing one component of the metabolic syndrome, you can also improve the other heart disease risk factors, which will ultimately lead to better cardiovascular outcomes. The short answer is that everything is interconnected, and managing weight and blood sugar levels is a major factor in many cases of heart disease. Based on the findings of the SELECT cardiovascular outcomes clinical trial, the FDA has granted a new approval. According to the study, adults with established cardiovascular disease who are overweight or obese and take Wegovy have a 20 percent lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, such as cardiovascular death, non-fatal heart attack, or non-fatal stroke. Furthermore, the trial discovered that, in comparison to individuals who took a placebo, semaglutide use decreased a person’s risk of dying from cardiovascular disease by 15% and death from all causes by 19%.

It is well known that obesity raises the risk of cardiovascular disease on its own. Additionally, patients can lower that risk by losing weight. This study was intriguing because it suggests that these weight-loss drugs have an impact beyond only assisting patients in losing weight. Regretfully, they were unable to address that in this study; however, further research in that field is required. Despite all of our efforts over the past few decades, cardiovascular disease continues to be the leading cause of death worldwide. As a result, we need to keep looking for new strategies to lower the morbidity and mortality rate from this illness. Heart failure and advanced vascular disease, for example, carry a higher death risk than many types of cancer. Cardiovascular disease is a public health emergency, especially when it is linked to obesity. As such, any safe treatment that lowers the risk of death or complications will be highly sought after. When it comes to treating these ailments, there is still a great deal we don’t know.

The way semaglutide medications function is by mimicking the body’s natural release of the GLP-1 hormone during meals by the gastrointestinal tract. This hormone lowers blood sugar levels by instructing the body to produce more insulin. Semaglutide is a prescription drug that is administered intravenously by the patient. It works by increasing the amount of insulin produced by the pancreas and lowering the amount of glucagon produced by the liver. These drugs directly lessen appetite and cravings by acting on the hypothalamus, a region of the brain.

REFERENCES:

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/fda-approves-wegovy-to-reduce-heart-disease-risk
https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-treatment-reduce-risk-serious-heart-problems-specifically-adults-obesity-or
https://www.cnbc.com/2024/03/08/novo-nordisks-wegovy-wins-fda-approval-for-heart-health-benefits-in-move-that-could-expand-insurance-coverage.html
https://www.npr.org/2024/03/08/1237133257/fda-approves-wegovy-heart-attack-stroke-risk

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Sildenafil (Viagra) may help reduce Alzheimer’s risk…

Sildenafil (Viagra) may help reduce Alzheimer’s risk…

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The active component of Viagra is sildenafil, which also serves as the foundation for the pulmonary arterial hypertension drug Revatio. According to a recent study, sildenafil may now be useful in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Researchers, under the direction of the Cleveland Clinic, found that individuals taking sildenafil for pulmonary arterial hypertension or erectile dysfunction had a 30–54 percent lower incidence of Alzheimer’s disease than those who did not. In terms of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease is the most prevalent. According to estimates from the Alzheimer’s Association, roughly 6:07 million Americans have Alzheimer’s. It ranks as the nation’s fifth most common cause of death and as the population ages, it is anticipated to become more common. The Alzheimer’s Association reports that between 2000 and 2019, reported deaths from Alzheimer’s increased by more than 145%, while deaths from heart disease, stroke, and HIV declined.

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive condition that worsens over time. It usually starts with memory loss and eventually causes problems interacting with others or reacting to one’s surroundings. The authors of the new study used computational models to parse the data for millions of patients in two medical databases, MarketScan Medicare Supplemental and Clinformatics. There has been a 54% decrease in Alzheimer’s cases in the MarketScan database. The Clinformatics database showed that to be thirty percent. After the data analysis, sildenafil was found to be a drug of interest, and laboratory research was conducted. Researchers who used brain samples from Alzheimer’s patients discovered that sildenafil reduced the amounts of neurotoxic tau proteins. These proteins accumulate in the brain as Alzheimer’s disease worsens. These tau proteins were long thought to be associated with amyloid plaques as potential causes of Alzheimer’s disease. However, the fundamental studies on amyloid plaques have been refuted. Neurotoxic tau proteins are still thought to be a key component of Alzheimer’s disease, despite this.

Additionally, they noticed that sildenafil-exposed neurons enhanced brain development and function, decreased inflammation, and altered metabolic processes linked to Alzheimer’s-related cognitive decline. Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, or PDE 5 inhibitor, used to treat erectile dysfunction. PDE 5 inhibitors may be able to lower the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, according to a recent large-scale UK study. Still, there is no proof that these medications can treat the disease. The director of scientific programs at the Alzheimer’s Association, who was not involved in the new study, made this observation. Speaking about the current study, Dr. Dot Ismail stated that it is an observational study based on electronic healthcare records and that more research is necessary to determine the significance of the connection. A thorough investigation and carefully planned clinical trials are required before phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are taken into consideration for the treatment of Alzheimer’s. According to Dr. Ismail, to definitively ascertain whether this class of medication can effectively treat Alzheimer’s disease, such trials would need to involve a diverse participant pool, including women.

He listed the lack of use of “gold standard” testing for Alzheimer’s diagnosis, such as imaging biomarkers and/or autopsy evaluation, as another significant study limitation. Dr. Neil Paulvin proposed that sildenafil may have an effect on Alzheimer’s by increasing blood flow and activating [the] part pathway. Gaining more insight into the mechanisms underlying the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway could potentially shed light on the processes involved in Alzheimer’s disease. This pathway is essential for many cellular functions and has been linked to cancer. One example of what could be possible with computer searches for useful molecules is the identification of sildenafil. Dr. Paulvin mentioned that these kinds of searches have produced medications like minocycline, which is used to treat bacterial infections, astaxanthin, an antioxidant, and gemfibrozil, which is used to control cholesterol. This study points to a possible new direction in drug repurposing. Because we already know a great deal about the safety and side effects of these treatments thanks to completed testing, repurposing current, approved treatments can be an important part of drug development. This can occasionally shorten the time and expense of the studies required for the new indication. However, he pointed out that Alzheimer’s is a particularly intricate and multidimensional illness. He pointed out that combination therapies that target various mechanisms are therefore probably required.

However, noted that it is frequently crucial to carry out fresh research over longer periods and in older subjects that represent the variety of people living with Alzheimer’s disease when thinking about repurposing an existing medication as an Alzheimer’s treatment. The Alzheimer’s Association Part The Cloud initiative, which has already contributed over $68 million to support 65 clinical trials, was mentioned by the speaker. Targeting both established and possibly undiscovered facets of the illness, these trials also aim to develop novel and repurposed therapies for dementia, including Alzheimer’s. He pointed out that the project is concentrating on various treatment avenues, including how immune responses impact brain alterations linked to Alzheimer’s disease, how brain cells use fuel and energy, how they clear debris from their structure, and how blood flow to the brain is preserved. Regarding sildenafil, Dr. Ismail emphasized that, in light of these preliminary findings, individuals should not use prescription drugs or over-the-counter [supplements and products similar to] phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors in the hopes of preventing Alzheimer’s or other forms of dementia.

REFERENCES:

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sildenafil-viagra-may-help-reduce-alzheimers-risk
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/new-data-support-viagra-alzheimers-prevention-2024a10004md?form=fpf
https://fortune.com/well/2024/02/09/viagra-may-reduce-alzheimers-risk/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2024/feb/07/viagra-may-help-to-lower-the-risk-of-alzheimers-disease-study-finds

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FDA delays approval of Alzheimer’s drug donanemab:

FDA delays approval of Alzheimer’s drug donanemab:

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On Friday, Eli Lilly declared that the U.S.S. committee headed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was formed to assess donanemab, the Alzheimer’s medication whose approval was halted last year. Before the FDA decides whether to approve donanemab, the committee is anticipated to meet later this year. For many, though, the announcement is surprising. Donanemab significantly slowed the clinical progression of early Alzheimer’s patients in a trial conducted last year, but it also caused brain swelling and other side effects. Here are the opinions of experts on what this decision means for patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Lecanemab (Leqembi) and aducanumab (Aduhelm) are two of the three monoclonal antibody treatments for Alzheimer’s that include donanemab. Although there was little proof in the early trials that removing the amyloid plaques associated with Alzheimer’s disease slowed cognitive decline, all three medications function by doing so.

Over 55 million people worldwide suffer from dementia, and up to 70 percent of those cases are Alzheimer’s disease, which is defined by an accumulation of the proteins tau and amyloid. The U.S. approved aducanumab and lecanemab with accelerated approval. S. FDA, in response to encouraging clinical outcomes. As they were doing their due diligence on the medication, I believe they discovered a few aspects about it about which they wanted to form an advisory committee—basically, three things. There was a slight improvement in efficacy along with a slight rise in the safety signal. Donanemab had a very special, constrained dosing schedule regimen, with significant implications for clinical care. Additionally, tau imaging was utilized to gain entry into the trial. However, there was a question as to whether or not tau imaging would be required for clinical use in the real world and if it would be on the label. He clarified that careful monitoring would be necessary in the early stages of treatment, with MRIs performed in the first three to five months while possibly searching for ARIA or other indications that the drug should be stopped.

If they do occur, the drug is essentially stopped for a while, then the transfusion is resumed and stopped again for a while. However, in the case of homozygote APOE ε4 individuals who have two APOE ε4s and experience brain bleeding, hemorrhage, or edema as a result of the ARIA side effects, they may simply be stopped and not resumed, depending on the severity of those MRI findings. However, he feels that the risks are too great for him to suggest donanemab or any comparable medication. I do not think medications like donanemab are useful therapies for patients with Alzheimer’s dementia, as a clinical neurologist who treats and diagnoses patients with dementia. The risks of brain edema and bleeds associated with these medications outweigh their benefits. Like a lot of neurologists working in clinical practice, I refuse to take any drugs from [this] family. In the past, neurologists sold amyloid medications as a means of treating neuropathy symptoms; however, these drugs are no longer in use. I hope that the FDA’s decision to revoke Donanemab’s application is just one more step toward the discontinuation of [this] class of drugs.

REFERENCES:

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/fda-delays-approval-of-alzheimers-drug-donanemab-what-experts-think#Who-donanemab-might-not-be-right-for
https://www.healthline.com/health-news/fda-delays-approval-eli-lilly-alzheimers-drug
https://www.advisory.com/daily-briefing/2024/03/12/around-the-nation

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Although smoking shrinks the brain, stopping could stop additional loss.

Although smoking shrinks the brain, stopping could stop additional loss.

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According to a recent study, cigarette smoking causes brain shrinkage, with the damage increasing with the amount of time and intensity of smoking. Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, and cognitive decline are all more likely to occur when brain volume is lost. While it cannot be stopped, quitting smoking can help slow down the shrinkage of the brain. The authors of the study advise smokers of any age to make stopping their habit a top priority. Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have found that smoking cigarettes shrinks the brain. Washington, MO (WashUMed). Additionally linked to a higher risk of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and cognitive impairment is brain shrinkage. The findings of the study demonstrate that stopping smoking at any moment prevented additional gray matter loss. But once shrinkage happens, the brain does not regain its initial mass. Smoking has long been known to be bad for the heart and lungs, but its effects on the brain have received less attention from researchers.

Leading the research team is Dr. Laura J., a senior author. The director of WashUMed’s Health and Behavior Research Center, Bierut, set out to close a knowledge gap about the negative effects of smoking. The results of the investigation were just released in Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science. According to earlier studies, smokers have a higher risk of dementia. An estimated 14% of Alzheimer’s cases are thought to be related to smoking. Disentangling behavioral and genetic variables is necessary to examine the relationship between brain shrinkage and cigarette smoking. Genetics can affect both brain shrinkage and the desire to smoke; according to the authors, genetics accounts for roughly half of an individual’s preference for smoking. The researchers took into account variables like brain volume and genetic susceptibility to smoking. They came to the conclusion that although smoking may be inherited, smoking is a major cause of brain shrinkage. The UK Biobank’s 2019 data releases are analyzed in this study. It included brain imaging data from 32,094 participants who were of European descent. The participants admitted to smoking on their own.

Researchers determined the number of years that smokers who reported consuming one pack or twenty cigarettes per day smoked cigarettes. Their brain images were contrasted with those of nonsmokers and smokers who had smoked less than 100 cigarettes. There was more brain shrinkage in those who smoked more. Dr. Neurons and their connections are lost in brain shrinkage, also known as atrophy, according to Dung Trinh of the Healthy Brain Clinic in Long Beach, California, who spoke with Medical News Today. Dr. Trinh did not work on the project. According to Dr. Trinh, this loss may affect the brain’s ability to operate properly. Dr. According to Trinh, certain crucial regions shrink in diseases like Alzheimer’s disease and dementia in general, which leads to a loss of function. For instance, he pointed out that Alzheimer’s patients frequently exhibit marked atrophy in the hippocampus, an area essential for memory formation. A decrease in cognitive function may arise from this atrophy’s suppression of interregional communication in the brain. Dr. Bierut made the observation that aging is linked to a decrease in brain volume. To put it another way, she claimed that smokers’ brains are “older”.

According to Dr. Bierut, smoking exposes oneself to numerous harmful chemicals. She continued by saying that smokers’ blood oxygen levels are consistently lower. According to Dr. Bierut, the brain is slowly starving itself because it loves oxygen and these prolonged low oxygen levels are starving it. Dr. Trinh enumerated a number of ways smoking can damage the brain. According to him, vascular damage can lower blood flow to the brain, which can cause atrophy and cell death. Dr. Trinh mentioned how smoking causes oxidative stress and inflammation, both of which can harm brain cells and the structures that support them. Cigarette smoke contains certain neurotoxic chemicals that can cause direct harm to brain tissue. According to Dr. Trinh, smoking alters the brain’s levels of several neurotransmitters, which over time may lead to atrophy and neural damage. According to Dr. Bierut, giving up smoking is among the most significant things you can do for your health. Your brain ages more quickly the longer and heavier you smoke. Additionally, I always tell older smokers that it’s never too late to give up. Even at a later age, quitting has health benefits.

In general, as the world’s population ages, a growing number of elderly people will experience dementia. This is a serious public health issue, and in order to have a healthy senior population, we must concentrate on lowering the modifiable risk factors for dementia. Dr. Trinh added that not only adults should give up smoking at the same time. Because the brains of teenagers and young adults are still developing, exposure to the negative effects of smoking during these formative years may result in more severe long-term damage, according to Dr. Trinh. It is a well-known fact that the potential lifetime harm from smoking increases with age. Dr. Robert Miller, an internal medicine physician with Vista Staffing, a company that provides physician search services nationwide, recommended a multimodal strategy for quitting smoking that includes counseling therapy. Dr. Miller did not work on the project. According to him, supportive pharmacotherapy and behavioral modification are the goals of this strategy. Dr. Miller listed seven drugs that have been given FDA approval to aid in quitting smoking, including nicotine replacement therapies (i.e. e. oral tablet medications (i.e., nicotine patches, lozenges, gum, oral inhaler, and nasal spray). e. , bupropion SR and varenicline).

According to Dr. Miller, helping others break the habit and finding success through a common goal can support each person on their own journey. It could also be beneficial to substitute healthy pursuits like reading or working out for the craving to smoke. According to Dr. Miller, some people discover that their urge to smoke might be a reaction to specific triggers. One way to kick the smoking habit is to recognize and stay away from personal triggers. It is not thought that vaping is a secure or reliable method of quitting smoking for those who are thinking about using e-cigarettes.

REFERENCES:

https://medicine.wustl.edu/news/smoking-causes-brain-shrinkage/
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/smoking-causes-brain-shrinkage-but-quitting-may-prevent-further-loss
https://www.mobidoctor.eu/blog/smoking-causes-brain-shrinkage-but-quitting-may-prevent-further-loss
https://www.mlo-online.com/disease/article/53081262/smoking-causes-brain-shrinkage
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The impact of flaxseeds on gut microbiome may reduce the risk of breast cancer.

The impact of flaxseeds on gut microbiome may reduce the risk of breast cancer.

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One dangerous kind of cancer is breast cancer. Scholars continue to investigate potential causes of breast cancer as well as strategies to reduce risk. The distinct relationship between the gut microbiome and mammary gland expression of microRNA was highlighted by data from a recent mouse study. Additionally, eating flaxseed may affect the relationship between mammary gland microRNA expression and the gut microbiota, which may help prevent breast cancer. Scholars are gaining increasing insight into the ways in which the microorganisms found in the human gut, known as the gut microbiome, impact various aspects of health. The goal of a recent study that was published in Microbiology Spectrum was to examine the connection between breast cancer risk and the gut microbiome. Researchers discovered a crucial relationship between the gut microbiome and gene expression in their study utilizing female mice. They also discovered that feeding mice flaxseed lowered their risk of developing breast cancer. Although further research is required, the findings may have practical applications in lowering the risk of breast cancer. The goal of this study’s research was to learn more about one particular strategy for modifying the risk of breast cancer. In this specific study, data from female mice were analyzed. It allowed researchers to examine gut microbiome components and their connection to breast cancer. The bacteria and other microorganisms that reside in the gut are referred to as the gut microbiome. They were able to as well.

Initially, they discovered a relationship between mammary gland microRNA and the microorganisms present in the mice’s guts. They also discovered that breast cancer development may be influenced by mammary gland microRNA. Author of the study Dr. Elena M. Comelli, Ph.D. D. , Associate Professor, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, told MNT We discovered a correlation between the expression of microRNA in the mammary gland and the relative abundance of specific microbiota taxa (gut bacteria). MicroRNAs are tiny molecules that play a key role in controlling how genes are expressed. We discovered that a few of these microRNA are connected to pathways related to breast cancer. Next, the researchers looked at potential modifications to the connection between the gut microbiome and microRNA expression in the mammary gland. It was discovered that feeding mice flaxseed changed the way gut bacteria interacted with microRNA, which may have a protective effect against breast cancer. The theory that consuming flaxseed as a whole food may yield the greatest benefits was reinforced by additional analysis of the flaxseed’s constituent parts. It’s interesting that flaxseed was able to positively alter these associations, according to Dr. Comelli. Lignan, a substance found in flaxseed, must be broken down by the gut microbiota in order to produce metabolites that are subsequently taken up by the bloodstream. A diet intervention was found to be associated with the gut microbiota-mammary gland miRNA relationship.

The research showed the interconnectivity of the gastrointestinal microbial ecosystem relationship to the miRNA of the mammary glands. Dr. Theresa Hubka, an osteopathic physician specializing in OB/GYN and president-elect of the American Osteopathic Association, also shared her thoughts on the study with Medical News Today. They demonstrated how the digestive system interacts with other organs in relation to a particular disease state, such as breast cancer, and the preventive measures that can be taken in the form of dietary modifications. Gaining an understanding of these systems will enable additional research on the regulation of genes implicated in the processes of proliferation and migration in breast cancer. Therefore, certain disease states can be mitigated and one’s health and well-being can be improved through nutrition and dietary changes. One of the most common cancer types and a major cause of cancer-related mortality is breast cancer. 685,000 deaths globally in 2020 were related to breast cancer alone. To treat breast cancer, medical professionals and cancer specialists can work together to develop a combined treatment plan. Radiation therapy, medication, and surgery to remove the cancer are possible treatments. Board-certified hematologist and medical oncologist Dr. Wael Harb, of MemorialCare Cancer Institute at Orange Coast and Saddleback Medical Centers in Orange County, California, and non-study author, provided MNT with the following explanation.

Breast cancer is still a major global health concern. According to the World Health Organization, it is the most common cancer among women worldwide, with over 2.3 million diagnoses and 685,000 deaths from it in 2020. The American Cancer Society projects that there will be 43,250 deaths and 287,850 new cases in the US in 2023. The incidence of breast cancer and its potential severity highlight the need for continued research and public health campaigns, even though improvements in treatment and early detection have increased survival rates. One of the most important aspects of supporting those with breast cancer is conducting research and creating potential treatments. Learning how people can lower their risk of developing breast cancer, however, is also essential. For example, people who regularly exercise, maintain a healthy weight, and drink less alcohol may be able to reduce their risk of breast cancer. This study suggests that the risk of breast cancer may be changed. But there are also significant limitations to the research. The study’s primary drawback is that only female mice were used, which limits the research’s applicability to human subjects. It suggests that further study in this field is necessary. Future research can also examine the special connection and implications between the components of flaxseed, the mammary gland microRNA, and the gut microbiome. Dr. Harb identified the following clinical implications of the data “If these findings are confirmed by additional research, especially with human subjects, it could have important clinical implications.”. It implies that dietary changes, like consuming flaxseed, may affect variables linked to the risk of breast cancer. Before such findings can be applied to clinical practice, however, a thorough investigation is required due to the intricacy of human biology and the impact of multiple factors such as genetics and environment. The study emphasizes the need for rigorous, extensive human trials to validate these preliminary findings while also pointing towards exciting possibilities in preventive strategies. Dr. Regarding upcoming MNTA research, Elena M. Comelli made the following observation “At the moment, we are studying flaxseed hull, which is enriched in lignans vs flaxseed.”. Flaxseed hull adds more lignans to the diet when consumed in the same amount. We’re curious to see if this leads to better responses. It will also be crucial to conduct an experimental investigation to confirm our in silico results. It will be crucial to investigate the potential regulatory role of microRNAs in the preventive effects of flaxseed in breast cancer models. The results will aid in formulating treatment plans. As research advances, it may lead to the creation of clinical guidelines that lower the risk of breast cancer or even the quantity of cases of the disease.

REFERENCES:

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/flaxseed-benefits-gut-microbiome-reduce-breast-cancer-risk
https://www.healthline.com/health-news/flaxseeds-influence-gut-microbiome-and-may-reduce-breast-cancer-risk
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/12/231207161415.htm
https://www.earth.com/news/flaxseeds-influence-on-the-gut-could-reduce-breast-cancer-risk/
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Women with depression face higher cardiovascular disease risk than men

Women with depression face higher cardiovascular disease risk than men

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According to experts, inflammation and hormones in the body are two things that can lead to the development of cardiovascular disease. They claim that when it comes to screening for depression, medical professionals should do a better job of looking at both men and women. After receiving a diagnosis of depression, women are much more likely than men to develop cardiovascular disease.
Heart attacks, strokes, heart failures, and atrial fibrillation are all considered forms of cardiovascular disease, or CVD. Women in the United States are twice as likely as men to experience depression, and over 60 million women are thought to have heart disease. According to a recent study, cardiologists might want to devote more time to screening patients for depression. Improved comprehension will enable medical professionals to provide depression treatment that is optimal for men and women, improving the outcomes of CVD for these populations.

Between 2005 and 2022, the study monitored and examined medical claims, examining the rates of depression and eventual diagnosis of cardiovascular disease in over 4 million patients. Men made up slightly more of the study’s participants than women. The mean age was forty-four. Before being diagnosed with CVD, the participant had to receive a clinical diagnosis to be eligible for a depression status in the analysis. Body mass index, blood pressure, fasting cholesterol, and blood glucose levels were among the patient health data. Cardiovascular events included atrial fibrillation, heart failure, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction, or heart attack. Multiple hazard ratios, which simply show a person’s risk of something occurring in men versus women, were calculated by researchers using data.

According to the data, the risk ratio for a diagnosis of depression to result in cardiovascular disease was 1 point 64 for women and 1 point 39 for men. Women were more likely than men to experience depression that directly resulted in heart attacks, chest pain, strokes, heart failure, and other incidents. Researchers acknowledged that there were several obvious limitations to the study. One of the challenges they faced was the inability to obtain precise information regarding the depression symptoms of the participants or the possible impact of COVID-19. Furthermore, because the study was observational in nature, it was unable to prove a link between depression and CVD.

Although heart attacks are more commonly associated with men than women in society and the media, both sexes are equally at risk. For women, however, the odds of surviving a heart attack and receiving treatment are not as good. While she wasn’t involved in the study, Dr. Evelina Grayver, a cardiologist and the director of Women’s Heart Health at Central Region Northwell Health, expressed her happiness that research is finally being done on the topic and pointed out several important points. According to Grayver, Medical News Today, the leading cause of death for women is cardiovascular disease. More women die from it than from lung, breast, and colon cancer combined.

However, because women do not usually exhibit the symptoms of a heart attack, a great deal of them choose to ignore their symptoms. According to Grayver, women are more likely to experience exhaustion, tightness in the chest, and discomfort in the abdomen rather than pain in the left arm or the feeling of an elephant resting on their chest. Women are 20 percent more likely than men to pass away during the first five years following a severe heart attack, according to previous research from the American Heart Association. It also mentions that women were less likely to have a cardiologist visit them in the hospital and to be prescribed drugs like beta blockers and cholesterol lowers.

Compared to men, women are diagnosed with depression twice as frequently. Why is the key question? According to the new study’s researchers, women might have more severe and enduring symptoms. This heightened intensity may have an additional impact on lifestyle choices that raise an individual’s risk of having a heart attack. Women also experience more particular health difficulties during menopause and pregnancy. Hormonal fluctuations have the potential to exacerbate mental health conditions like anxiety, depression, and overall stress. The metabolic syndrome, which includes traditional CVD risk factors like high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity, is also substantially more common in women.

REFERENCES:

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/women-with-depression-face-higher-cardiovascular-disease-risk-than-men#Women-and-depression
https://www.hcplive.com/view/women-with-depression-have-greater-cardiovascular-risk-than-men
https://www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com/site/cathlab/news/women-depression-face-higher-cardiovascular-risk-men
https://www.everydayhealth.com/womens-health/women-with-history-of-depression-may-face-greater-risk-of-heart-attack-and-stroke/

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Could an intervention as simple as eye drops treat eye damage in diabetes?

Could an intervention as simple as eye drops treat eye damage in diabetes?

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About 537 million adults worldwide live with diabetes, and 90-95% of these cases are type 2 diabetes. People with diabetes are at increased risk of many health problems, including eye problems. These include diabetic retinopathy trusted source, diabetic macular edema, glaucoma, cataract trusted source, chronic dry eye, and retinal detachment. There is currently no cure for diabetic retinopathy or diabetic macular edema. Current treatment options for both conditions include drugs injected directly into the eye, laser treatment, and eye surgery. Soon, less invasive treatment for diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema may be available in the form of eye drops.

Recently released data from a phase 1b/2a trial of the new treatment showed it to be safe and tolerable, with 100% of participants completing the study. Additionally, the researchers reported a significant reduction in central macular thickness and prevention of further increases in vascular leakage after 85 days of use.

The current standard of care for diabetic macular edema involves anti-VEGF agents in the eye, so new approaches to treating diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema are required, according to the study’s presenting author and manufacturer of new eye drops. entails several injections, which are painful and need clinical time to complete even though they are effective.
A non-invasive approach is required to enhance these patients’ quality of life by promoting comfort and lowering pain levels through self-management. According to Dr. Lhuillier, patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in the early stages of the condition are not given a treatment option other than to wait for their symptoms to get better. It’s possible that the condition won’t worsen due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. When the patient’s condition reaches an advanced stage or they develop diabetic macular edema, anti-VEGF injections are recommended. He said that treating diabetic retinopathy patients with non-invasive, safe, and effective therapies early on will help stop the condition from getting worse. About 7 and a half million Americans are thought to have non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and another 1 and a half million have advanced the disease to more severe forms, which hasten its progression and deteriorates vision. There is a strong motivation to cut back. Dangerous complications.

According to reports, the novel eye drop, known as EXN407, is the first topical treatment for retinal vascular conditions like diabetic macular edema and diabetic retinopathy. The eye drop is a small molecule treatment that employs an inhibitor of serine-arginine protein kinase 1 (SRPK1). Numerous factors contribute to the development of diabetic eye disease, but the primary cause is the overgrowth of blood vessels in the retina. These blood vessels eventually leak, causing subretinal edema to appear and blindness to result. VEGFTrusted Source is a growth factor that causes this phenomenon. According to him, EXN407 is a molecule that only inhibits the members of the family that cause disease, leaving the non-disease-causing members intact, allowing the VEGF to be balanced again. In addition to being more convenient as an eyedrop formulation as opposed to an injection, it provides a more nuanced approach than anti-VEGF agents.

REFERENCES:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332218346705
https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-diabetic-retinopathy
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8591-diabetic-retinopathy
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/could-an-intervention-as-simple-as-eye-drops-treat-eye-damage-in-diabetes#Improvements-in-macular-thickness,-vascular-leakage

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First cell therapy for solid tumors heads to the clinic: what it means for cancer treatment

First cell therapy for solid tumors heads to the clinic: what it means for cancer treatment

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Therapy built on tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes is now being prepared for at least 20 people in the United States with advanced melanoma. More than 35 years after it was invented, a therapy that uses immune cells extracted from a person’s own tumour is finally hitting the clinic. At least 20 people with advanced melanoma have embarked on treatment with what is called tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), which target and kill cancer cells. The regimen, called lifileucel, is the first TIL therapy to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It is the first immune-cell therapy to win FDA approval for treating solid tumours such as melanoma. Doctors already deploy immune cells called CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T cells to treat cancer, but CAR-T therapy is used against only blood cancers such as leukaemia.

The FDA granted approval on 16 February to lifileucel, sold as Amtagvi. The approval is a great accomplishment, He says that it will pave the way for TILs to be used to treat other cancers, including lung and pancreatic tumours, shortly. After a person’s tumour is removed, surgeons send tissue samples to a laboratory that isolates TILs from them and grows the TILs for three weeks until they’ve multiplied into billions of cells. Before the TILs are reinfused back into the treated person, the recipient is given chemotherapy and an immune chemical called interleukin-2 (IL-2) that temporarily kills immune cells to make room for the TILs. For now, lifileucel can be used only as a last-line treatment in people with certain forms of advanced melanoma that haven’t responded to other treatments. But Iovance and others are currently testing lifileucel as a first-line treatment against melanoma. Some evidence suggests that it might be even more effective as a first- or second-line treatment before an aggressive treatment can harm the TILs in tumours.

In Iovance’s trial testing lifileucel in 153 people with melanoma, tumours shrank in 31 percent of the participants. Furthermore, in a second trial conducted in Denmark, 20% of patients receiving TIL therapy experienced complete remission, compared to 7% of patients receiving a different medication. According to Amod Sarnaik, a surgical oncologist who oversaw Iovance’s trial and works at the Moffitt Center in Tampa, Florida, solid tumors typically develop resistance to therapies like chemotherapy. However, Sarnaik claims that often enough “brute force” will defeat the cancer if the majority of the tumor is removed and billions of TILs are infused. The best TILs are then “remembered” by the immune system, which enables it to rapidly expunge them if the cancer returns.

The majority of the adverse effects of the therapy, including fevers and anemia, are related to the IL-2 and chemotherapy administered to patients to get them ready for TIL infusion. TILs target not only tumor cells but also healthy cells. This can lead to autoimmune diseases like vitiligo, where TILs attack pigment cells in the skin, causing discoloration. TILs are naturally occurring, uniquely human cells, much like CAR T cells. However, while CAR T cells are genetically modified to target particular antigens on cancer cells, the specific antigens that each individual’s TILs target are unknown, though it essentially doesn’t matter as long as they are effective for that person. For each patient, the medication is essentially different. The FDA approved Iovance’s method for multiplying TILs and administering them to cancer patients because it is not feasible for the agency to evaluate each patient’s set of TILs. Additionally, since TILs arise spontaneously, businesses can only patent their methods not the cells as a whole. For those of us attempting to devise novel approaches to enhance the procedure, this is welcome news.

REFERENCES:

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00673-w
https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2024/fda-amtagvi-til-therapy-melanoma
https://www.statnews.com/2024/02/16/melanoma-solid-tumor-til-therapy-amtagyi-lifileucel-iovance/
https://molecular-cancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12943-023-01723-z

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How and why does gut health influence heart health?

How and why does gut health influence heart health?

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The connection between gut health and heart health is an emerging area of research, and while the exact mechanisms are still being investigated, several factors suggest an intricate relationship between the two:
Inflammation: A healthy gut microbiome helps maintain a balanced immune response and reduces inflammation throughout the body. Chronic inflammation is a key driver of cardiovascular disease, contributing to the development of conditions such as atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and hypertension (high blood pressure).
Metabolism: The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in metabolizing nutrients and regulating energy balance. Disruption of the gut microbiome, such as through an unhealthy diet or antibiotic use, can lead to metabolic dysfunction, including obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia all of which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Certain beneficial bacteria in the gut produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) through the fermentation of dietary fiber. SCFAs have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and may help regulate blood pressure and cholesterol levels, thereby protecting against cardiovascular disease.
Microbial Metabolites: Gut bacteria produce various metabolites, including trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), which has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular events. TMAO is formed from the breakdown of certain dietary compounds, such as choline and carnitine, and has been associated with the development of atherosclerosis and thrombosis.
Hormonal Regulation: The gut microbiome influences the production and metabolism of hormones involved in cardiovascular health, such as serotonin and bile acids. Alterations in these hormonal pathways can affect blood pressure, heart rate, and vascular function.

Immune System Modulation: The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in training and regulating the immune system. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in gut bacteria, can lead to immune dysfunction and chronic inflammation, which are detrimental to heart health. You are what you eat, goes a common saying. Additionally, fresh studies continue to imply that this theory might be true each year. Scientists have recently directed their attention toward a possible connection between heart and gut health. Physicians already advise patients to consume heart-healthy foods, and experts in the field concur that the gut microbiome including its composition and the toxic byproduct it produces during the metabolism of some foods plays a major role in the relationship between gut health and heart health.

Every expert we spoke with agreed that heart health can be significantly impacted by the gut microbiota. The human digestive tract, particularly the large intestine (colon), is home to a complex community of trillions of microorganisms known as the gut microbiome. These microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Depending on what we feed them, these microorganisms can be either healthy or unhealthy. Any number of our body’s systems could malfunction if they are unhealthy. The microbiome depends on humans for health, just as we do for its own. It is becoming more and more clear that maintaining the health of our microbiome is crucial for all of our organs, including the heart and arteries. We now know that inflammation, particularly in the heart, may be the primary cause of a great deal of health issues these days. One important factor in reducing inflammation is the microbiome.

There’s more and more research coming out that there is a connection between the composition of someone’s gut flora and the microbiome. There’s a connection between the type, distribution, and relative composition of gut bacteria that someone has and an association with their risk factors for heart disease that includes high blood pressure, high cholesterol, [and] obesity

Another way in which the gut microbiome can potentially have harmful effects on the heart is through the production of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). When gut microbes feed on choline found in red meat, poultry, eggs, [and] certain fish they make trimethylamine(TMA), which is absorbed into the body and goes to the liver where it is changed into TMAO, Dr. John P. Higgins, a sports cardiologist at McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) explained. TMAO is bad because it is associated with cholesterol and artery-narrowing plaque in important arteries in the body, especially the coronary arteries which supply blood to the heart. So people with high levels of TMAO are at increased risk of heart attacks or stroke.

Studies have associated TMAO with aspects of inflammation and blood vessel dysfunction, Dr. Chen added. It also promotes foam cells in the blood vessels. All of these different things end up promoting different types of heart disease, such as atherosclerosis, and they can also lead to different aspects of cardiovascular risk factors such as high blood pressure. A study published in October 2019 linked TMAO to disease severity and mortality rate in people with peripheral artery disease. Research published in March 2023 reported an increase of TMAO in blood plasma was an independent predictor for major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in people who experienced acute myocardial infarction (heart attack).

REFERENCES:

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-and-why-does-gut-health-influence-heart-health
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/can-your-gut-health-affect-your-heart
https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/healthy-gut-healthy-heart
https://www.modernheartandvascular.com/the-relationship-between-your-gut-and-heart-health/

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